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痴颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king should appoint some ministers to run his kingdom easily.

In this context Manu said about the quality and number of ministers.

鈥渕aul膩n 艣膩stravida岣� 艣奴r膩n labdhalak峁�y膩n kulodgat膩n |
蝉补肠颈惫腻苍 sapta c膩峁璦u v膩 prakurv墨ta par墨k峁�it膩n ||鈥�7.54 ||^[1]

鈥淟et him appoint seven or eight ministers whose ancestors have been royal servants, who are versed in the science heroes skilled in the use of weapons and descended from (noble) families and who have been tried鈥�.^[2]

鈥渁ny膩napi prakurv墨ta 艣uc墨n praj帽膩navasthit膩n |
samyagarthasam膩hart峁沖n补尘腻迟测补n supar墨k峁�it膩n ||鈥�7.60 ||^[3]

鈥淗e must also appoint other ministers (men) of integrily (who are) wise firm, well able to collect money, and are well tried鈥�.^[4]

It has been said before that the number of ministers should be seven or eight; but the number may be increased.

Kull奴ka points out that these additional minister are executive ministers, they are to be appointed for the purpose of doing additional work.鈥�

any膩napi arthad膩n膩din膩 艣uc墨n praj帽膩艣alina岣� samyag dhan膩rjana艣墨l膩n dharm膩din膩 par墨k峁�it膩n karma蝉补肠颈惫腻苍 kury膩t |

Manu in verse no 62 mentions some of the works to be done by these additional ministers鈥�.^[5]

鈥渘ivartet膩sya y膩vadbhiritikartavyat膩 n峁沚hi岣� |
t膩vato'tandrat膩n dak峁Ｄ乶 prakurv墨ta vicak峁�a峁嚹乶 ||鈥� 7.61 ||^[6]

鈥淎s many persons as the due performance of his business requires, So many skilful and clever (men) free from sloth, let him appoint鈥�.^[7]

鈥渢e峁Ｄ乵arthe niyu帽j墨ta 艣奴r膩n dak峁Ｄ乶 kulodgat膩n |
艣奴c墨n膩karakarm膩nte bh墨runantarnive艣ane ||鈥� 7.62 ||^[8]

鈥淎mong them let him employ the brave the skilful, the high born, and the honest in (office for the collection of) revenue, e.g, in mines, manufactures and store houses, but the timid in the interior of his palace鈥�.^[9]

碍补耻峁璱濒测补 has given a detailed list of the qualities in a minister鈥�

鈥渏膩napado'bhij膩ta岣� svavagraha岣� k峁泃a艣ilpa艣cak峁�u峁�m膩n pr膩j帽o dh膩rayi峁ａ箛urdak峁�o 惫腻驳尘墨 辫谤补驳补濒产丑补岣� pratipattim膩nuts膩haprabh膩vayukka岣� kale艣asaha岣� 艣ucirmaitro 诲峁涐笉丑补产丑补办迟颈岣� 艣墨labal膩rogya sattvayukka岣� stambhac膩palyavarjita岣� sa峁僷riyo vair膩峁嚹乵akartety补尘腻迟测补sampat | ata岣� p膩d膩rdhagu峁嘺h墨nau madhyam膩varau |鈥�(1.9 1-2).^[10]

鈥淎 native of the country of noble birth easy to hold in cheek, trained in the arts, possessed of the eye (of science) intelligent, persevering, dexterous, eloquent, bold, possessed of a ready wit, endowed with energy and power able to bear troubles, upright, friendly, firmly devoted, endowed with character, strength health and spirit, devoid of stiffness and fickleness, amiable (and) not given to creating animosities, these are the excellences of a minister. One lacking in a quarter and a half of these qualities in the middling and the lowest (type, respectively)鈥�.^[11]

鈥渢e峁Ｄ佱箖 janapadamavagraha峁� c膩ptata岣� par墨k峁�eta, sam膩navidyebhya岣� 艣颈濒辫补峁� 艣膩stracak峁�u峁�matt膩峁� ca, karm膩rambhe峁�u 辫谤补箩帽腻峁� dh膩r膩yi峁ａ箛ut膩峁� d膩k峁�ya峁� ca, kath膩yoge峁�u v膩gmitva峁� 辫谤腻驳补濒产丑测补峁� 辫谤补迟颈产丑腻 navattva峁� ca, 膩padi utas膩haprabh膩vau kle艣asahatva峁� ca, sa峁僾yavah膩r膩cchauca峁� maitrat膩峁� d峁涐笉habhaktitva峁� ca, sa峁僾膩sibhya岣� 艣墨laval膩rogyasattvayogam astambham ac膩palya峁� ca pratyak峁�ata岣� sa峁僷riyatvamavairatva峁� ca |鈥�(1.9.3).^[12]

鈥淥f these (qualities), he should make inquiries about nationality, nobility of birth and tractability from (his) kinsmen, test his (training in) arts and possession of the eye of dcience through those learned in the same science learn about his intelligence, perseverance and dexterity from his handling of undertakings, test his eloquence, boldness and presence of mind on occasions of conversation, his energy and power as well as ability to bear troubles during a calamity, his uprightness, friendliness and firmness of devotion from his dealings with others, learn about his character strength, halth and spirit as well as about freedom from stiffness and fickleness from those living with him, (and) about his amiability and absence of a disposition to animosity by personal observation鈥�.^[13]

鈥減ratyak峁�aparok峁�anumey膩 hi 谤腻箩补惫峁泃迟颈岣� svaya峁� dda峁ａ弓a峁� pratyak峁�am, paropadi峁ａ弓a峁� 辫补谤辞办峁�a尘, karmasu, k峁泃en膩k峁泃膩vek峁�a峁嘺m anumeyam | yaugapady膩ttu karma峁嚹乵anekatv膩danekasthatv膩cca de艣ak膩l膩tyayo m膩 bh奴diti 辫补谤辞办峁�a尘补尘腻迟测补i岣� k膩rayet | ityam补尘腻迟测补karma | |鈥�(1.9.4-8).^[14]

鈥淔or the affairs of a king are (of three kinds viz.,) directly perceived, unperceived and inferred. what is seen by (the king) himself is derectly perceived. What is communicated by others is unperceived (by him). Forming an idea of what has not been done from that is done in respect of undertakings is inferred. But, because of the simultaneity of undertakings their manifoldness and their having to be carried out in many different places, he should cause them to be carried out by ministers, unperceived (by him), So that there may be no loss of place and time. So far the work of (Appointing) Ministers鈥�.^[15]

According to 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 ministers are of three kinds, best middling and inferior, of which the first must be endowed with all the qualities mentioned above and the other two are deficient by one quarter and a half respectively.

Perhaps the Br膩hmi峁� ministers mentioned by Manu are the best (uttama) according to 碍补耻峁璱濒测补. The additional ministers are 碍补耻峁璱濒测补鈥檚 middling and timid ministers are inferior.

According to Manu the number of ministers are seven ore eight, He did not mention the number of additional ministers. He mentioned, as many persons as the due performance of his business requires, so many skilful and clever (men) free from sloth, let him appoint.

Yet there is contradiction about the number of ministers among the masters of 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 in the 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补.鈥�

鈥渢ath膩 s膩martham iti 办补耻峁璱濒测补岣�鈥�

But according to 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 according to capacity 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king should appoint ministers in a council.

King should test the purity of the ministers through dharmopadh膩, bhayopadh膩, arthopadh膩 and 办补尘辞辫补诲丑腻.

鈥渕antripurohitasakha岣� s膩manye峁�vadhikara峁噀峁�u sthapayitv膩'm膩tyanupadhibhi岣� 艣补耻肠补yet | 鈥�(1.10.1)^[16]

鈥淎fter appointing ministers to ordinary offices in consultation with the councillors and the chaplain, he should test their integrity by means of secret tests.鈥�^[17]

鈥渢rivargabhayasa峁兣泆ddh膩n补尘腻迟测补n sve峁�u karmasu |
adhikury膩d yath膩艣补耻肠补mityac膩ry膩 vyavasthit膩岣� ||
na tveva kury膩d膩tm膩na峁� 诲别惫墨峁� v膩 lak峁�yam墨khara岣� |
艣补耻肠补 hetor补尘腻迟测补n膩metat kau峁璱lyadar艣anam ||鈥�1.10.16-17 ||^[18]

鈥淗e should appoint ministers, who have been cleared by the (tests of the) group of three (goals of life) and fear; to duties appropriate to them in accordance with their integrity thus have the (ancient) teachers laid down鈥�.

However, under no circumstances must the king make himself or the queen the target for the sake of ascertaining the probity of ministers; this is the opinion of 碍补耻峁璱濒测补.鈥�^[19]

鈥渢补蝉尘腻诲惫腻诲测补尘补诲丑颈峁ａ弓腻苍补峁� 办峁泃惫腻 c膩rye caturvidhe |
艣auc膩艣补耻肠补m补尘腻迟测补n膩峁� 谤腻箩腻 m膩rgeta satribhi岣� |鈥� 1.10.20 ||^[20]

It means,

鈥淭herefore, the king should make an outsider the object of reference in the fourfold work (of testing) and (thus) investigate through secret agents the integrity or otherwise of ministers鈥�.^[21]

Manu did not Mention about the test of a ministers through upadha but in the commentary of fifty fourth verse of the seventhe chap. of the 惭补苍耻蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 commentator 惭别诲丑腻迟颈迟丑颈 mentioned about these 耻辫补诲丑腻蝉 by which ministers are tested.

Poet 惭腻驳丑补 is well versed about this political side. Following verse proves this.

鈥済u峁嚹乶膩m膩yath膩tathy膩dartha峁� vi峁噇膩vayanti ye |
补尘腻迟测补vya帽jan膩 r膩j帽膩峁� 诲奴峁�y腻ste 艣atrusa峁僯帽it膩岣� ||鈥�2.56 ||^[22]

Means,

鈥淭hose who spoil the cause on account of the unfit application of the policies are merely in the garb of ministers and designated as enemy and should be ensured by the king鈥�.^[23]

Unskilled minister is actually enemy in the guise of a minister. He does not apply the measure which is applicable among the six fold measures. Such unskilled and ignorant persons are not the friend of the 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king, but they stay with the king like his ministers. The 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king should not follow his suggestion.

So, 惭补濒濒颈苍腻迟丑补 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥榓迟补岣� 蝉迟辞办补峁� na pratiroddhavyam iti 产丑腻惫补岣�鈥� |

Pleasant words cause anger of the angry person. So, application of repression is appropriate for hostile 艢颈艣耻辫腻濒补. With the apprehension that the ministers like Uddhava may oppose this comment 叠补濒补谤腻尘补 chanted this verse. Such persons deserve contempt. Those persons in the guise of ministers are really enemies. They should be given up by the king, as they are upsetters of the king鈥檚 job. They are enemy of the king in guise of friend. They are upsetters of the king鈥檚 job without applying the six fold policy like alliance and war. Where alliance in needed they apply there war or march towards enemy. So, sure success comes to failure. 叠补濒补谤腻尘补 says the king should not pay heed to the words of such persons. The king should pay heed to his words. He must not oppose him.

So 痴腻尘补苍补 蝉补测蝉鈥�

鈥榲astutastu 艣atruriti sa峁兠眏膩 e峁Ｄ佱箖 sa帽j膩t膩 艣atrusa峁僯帽it膩 艣attava岣� eva te k奴峁璦mantti峁嚹佱箖 r膩j帽膩峁� d奴峁�ayitumarh膩 诲奴峁�y腻 garhy膩岣� tyajy膩岣� iti 测腻惫补迟 | ata岣� 蝉迟辞办补峁� na pratiroddhavyam iti 产丑腻惫补岣� ||鈥�

So 惫颈箩颈驳墨峁�u king should avoid those ministers who are harmful to the king and his administration.

In this verse poet 惭腻驳丑补 used the word 补尘腻迟测补 which is used by both Manu and 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 bearing the same meaning.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p. 655.

[2]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p. 67.

[3]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p. 659.

[4]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p.74.

[5]:

loc.cit.

[6]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p. 659.

[7]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p.75.

[8]:

Manabendu Bandyopadhaya: Op.cit., p. 659.

[9]:

Ashokanath Shastri: Op.cit., p.76.

[10]:

R.P. Kangle: Op.cit., part-I, p.10.

[11]:

ibid., part-II, p.17.

[12]:

ibid., part-I, p. 10.

[13]:

ibid., part-II, p.17.

[14]:

ibid., part-I, p.11.

[15]:

ibid., part-II, pp.17-18.

[16]:

ibid., part-I, p.11.

[17]:

ibid., part-II, p.18.

[18]:

ibid., part-I, p. 12.

[19]:

ibid., part-II, p. 20.

[20]:

ibid., part-I, p. 12.

[21]:

ibid., part-II, p. 21.

[22]:

Haridas Siddhantavagisha: Op.cit., p. 73.

[23]:

Sitanath Kavyaratna & Madhab Dass Sankhyatirtha: Op.cit., p. 159.