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惭腻测腻, being the power of 莫艣惫补谤补, is conceived as the cause of creation in both systems. Here the act of creation is done by it with its associate powers. In 笔谤补迟测补产丑颈箩帽腻 and Advaita the principle 惭腻测腻 has two functions, the concealing of the non-dual reality and projecting the divergent universe on it. For this, Advaita 痴别诲腻苍迟补 accepts two powers of 惭腻测腻, 膧vara峁嘺艣akti and 痴颈办峁�e辫补艣akti. 笔谤补迟测补产丑颈箩帽腻 accepts five 碍补帽肠耻办补蝉 and three Malas as associates of 惭腻测腻 for the same functions.

1. 膧vara峁嘺艣akti and Vik艣epa艣akti in Advaita

In 痴别诲腻苍迟补 惭腻测腻, the ignorance is described as having two powers, 膧vara峁嘺艣akti and 痴颈办峁�e辫补艣akti. The 膧vara峁嘺艣akti is due to the constituent Tamas, which conceals objects. It is the causes for the function of 痴颈办峁�e辫补艣akti, which creates the vision of world in individuals.^[1] 痴颈办峁�e辫补艣akti is the effect of the constituent Rajas. All actions started from the beginning of the creation and the mental states like sorrows, likes and dislikes are due to this power of 痴颈办峁�e辫补.^[2] 惭腻测腻鈥檚 functions of concealing the ultimate reality and projecting the visible world on it are carried out through these 艢补办迟颈蝉.

2. Malas in 笔谤补迟测补产丑颈箩帽腻

Malas or impurities are cause of unawareness of one鈥檚 own self and thereby the cause of sufferings. 笔腻艣补 is the word used in the same sense in 膧gamic literature. There are three Malas, viz. 膧峁嘺惫补, M膩y墨ya and 碍腻谤尘补.

Utpala described these Malas thus:

s惫腻tantryah膩nirbodhasya s惫腻tantryasy膩pyabodhat膩 dvidh膩峁嘺va峁� malamida峁� svasvar奴p膩pah膩nita岣� || bhinnavedyaprath膩traiva m膩y膩khya峁� janmabhogadam kartaryabodhe 办腻谤尘补峁� tu m膩y膩艣aktyaiva tattrayam || ^[3]

As a whole the three Malas are the effects of 惭腻测腻. The fundamental nature of 艢颈惫补 is J帽膩t峁泃膩 and 碍补谤迟峁泃腻 corresponding to his power of cognition and power of action, through which he become the cognizer and actor. Losing of these two powers is resulted in two types of 膧峁嘺惫补 Malas. First is the lack of freedom of the consciousness (bodhasya s惫腻tantryah膩ni岣�) and the second is the unawareness of freedom (s惫腻tantryasya abodhat膩). Abhinava says that by these two Malas 惭补丑别艣惫补谤补 becomes narrowed.^[4] Torella translated the term Mala as maculation and said, 鈥� Maculation in so far as it is involves error as regards the self鈥檚 real nature and two fold atomicity in so far as consciousness becomes limited with the loss of its fullness, creating a subjectivity in which only the light of consciousness subsists without freedom, or only freedom without consciousness.鈥�^[5] 膧峁嘺惫补mala being the fundamental impurity creates the other two impurities. If there is no 膧峁嘺惫补mala there should never be other impurities M膩y墨ya and 碍腻谤尘补. After the 膧峁嘺惫补mala, there occurs the differential knowledge and this leads to the unconsciousness in the subject.

惭腻测墨测补尘补濒补 is cognizable reality鈥檚 differentiated appearance. Even though the subject is in non-dual form, in M膩y墨ya it will be many. 碍腻谤尘补mala belongs to the agent, whose consciousness is limited due to the error of considering the cause of births and fruits. Due to the 碍腻谤尘补mala the subject loses the knowledge of right and wrong.^[6] All these Malas are the results of 惭腻测腻sakti.^[7] From these three Malas, 膧峁嘺惫补 and 碍腻谤尘补 obviously connected with subject. In both, there is consciousness. 碍腻谤尘补 is the duty of A峁噓. M膩y墨ya is related to the object.

It is interesting to see that the same functions of 膧vara峁嘺艣akti and 痴颈办峁�e辫补艣akti described in 痴别诲腻苍迟补 are done by the three Malas in 笔谤补迟测补产丑颈箩帽腻. The 膧峁嘺惫补mala and 碍腻谤尘补mala limit or conceal the reality and the 惭腻测墨测补尘补濒补 projects the diversified objects on it.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

笔谤补迟测补产丑颈箩帽腻h峁沝aya峁� of 碍峁�e尘补谤腻箩补, p. 5.

[2]:

莫艣惫补谤补pratyabhij帽膩-办腻谤颈办腻, 1.5.13.

[3]:

莫艣惫补谤补pratyabhij帽膩-vimar艣ini, 叠丑腻蝉办补谤墨, Part I, p. 255.

[4]:

Ibid., p. 247f.

[5]:

莫艣惫补谤补pratyabhij帽膩-办腻谤颈办腻, 1.5.16 & 1.6.11.

[6]:

kartari j帽膩tari s惫腻tmany膩disiddhe mahe艣vare | 补箩补岣嵞乼尘腻 苍颈峁�e诲丑补峁� 惫腻 蝉颈诲诲丑颈峁� 惫腻 vidadh墨ta ka岣� || 莫艣惫补谤补pratyabhij帽膩-办腻谤颈办腻, 2.1.2.

[7]:

鈥︹��. | na 艣iva艣艣aktirahito na 艣aktirvyatireki峁嚹� || 艣iva艣艣aktastath膩 bh膩惫腻nicchay膩 kartum墨hate | 艣akti艣艣aktimatorbheda岣� 艣aive 箩腻迟耻 na var峁噛ate || 艢颈惫补d峁涐梗峁璱, 3.2-3.