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[Full title: Details regarding Houses (艣腻濒腻惫颈诲丑腻苍补) (4) 贰办补艣腻濒腻-惫颈诲丑腻苍补 (Houses comprising of single main building)]

Houses that comprise of principal building is suitable for gods, 诲惫颈箩腻迟颈 (产谤补丑尘补峁嘺, 办峁�a迟谤颈测补, 惫补颈艣测补), infidel, elephant fighter, horse fighter or ratha鈥檚 fighter, heterodox (测腻驳补丑辞尘腻诲颈艣颈濒辫颈苍). Maya states that this kind of house is also suitable for the dwelling of those women are who earn by their charms.

Maya says鈥�

taital膩n膩峁� dvij膩d墨n膩峁� p膩峁�a峁囜笉y膩srami峁嚹乵api |
hastya艣varathayaudh膩n膩峁� 测腻驳补丑辞尘腻诲颈艣颈濒辫颈苍膩峁� ||
eka艣膩l膩 pra艣t膩 syat stra墨峁嚹佱箖 rupopaj墨vin膩峁� | (Mayamata. 26.10b-12a)

Maya classifies this type of building into four sub-categories. They are鈥�

1. 顿补峁囜笉补办补;
2. Maulika;
3. Svastika;
4. Caturmukha;

Here 惭腻苍补蝉腻谤补 presents some different kind of views. According to 惭腻苍补蝉腻谤补, the above mentioned types of houses are to be made with one, two, three, and four main buildings respectively. But Maya includes all of them in the category of house, comprising single main building. These houses may have a gallery (alinda) surrounding the building. A pavilion (尘补峁囜笉补辫补) should be situated in front of the houses. A forepart (bhadraka) is to be placed behind and on both sides of the building. The centre part is prescribed to be for the chamber (惫腻蝉补, sv膩my膩惫腻蝉补). Again the dwelling of gods is to be arranged at the centre of that very part which is known as 驳补谤产丑补驳峁沨补/苍腻濒颈驳峁沨补. Chamber of the owner should be constructed at the side of the building.

1. Orientation of the building:

According to Mayamata all four directions i.e. eeast, west, north and south are suitable for making the single building houses.

Among these south and west are the most appropriate directions for human dwelling鈥�

dak峁�ine pa艣cime caiva 艣膩l膩 vai艣e峁�ik膩 n峁涐箛膩峁� | (Mayamata 26.17)

Maya warns that, if two main buildings configure a 濒补峁単补濒补 shape (Plough-shape), being joined with each other at the direction of eastsouth/east-north/west-north, they may cause the death of owner of the house. The only suitable way is to choose the south-west direction to make an 濒腻峁単补濒补 or 鈥楲-shape鈥� house. 

Maya says that:

pr膩gudakpr膩gav膩kpratyagudaggehe tu l膩峁単ale |
蝉惫腻尘颈苍辞 尘补谤补峁嘺峁� sy膩ddhi sriye y膩mye prat墨cy膩pi || (Mayamata 26.18)

Maya also mentions that if the owner wishes for good fortune the 迟谤颈艣腻濒补-产丑补惫补峁嘺 should be positioned in the direction of south, west and north. But if this 迟谤颈艣腻濒补-产丑补惫补峁嘺 is made without south/west direction, it may cause all kinds of evils. Therefore, according to Mayamata, houses should always be laid down with touching south or west directions of the respective sites.

These 濒腻峁単补濒补s haped buildings are suitable for prostitutes and the 迟谤颈艣腻濒补-产丑补惫补峁嘺a is appropriate for the 耻驳谤补辫补箩墨惫颈苍 or 尘耻蝉迟颈箩辞诲丑腻. At end of these single main building the wall must be comprised of a door. It is because, when a new building will be attached with the previous single building, this intermediate door will play a significant role to connect the new one.

Maya classifies the single main building into four categories. Now he defines all these houses with their special features.

2. 顿补峁囜笉补办补 house:

顿补峁囜笉补办补 houses can have a sub-category of five different types.

a) First type of 顿补峁囜笉补办补 house:

The total width should be divided into three parts. One part should be used for the making veranda; in remaining parts rooms should be arranged. For this type, the significant feature is that the front of the building should be decorated like broken stick (办丑补峁囜笉补诲补峁嚹乥丑补峁�). This type of building is suitable for all persons.

b) Second type of 顿补峁囜笉补办补 house:

The width of this type of building should be divided into four parts and length is divided into six parts. Two parts of the width is for the making of veranda, the other parts are for the construction of various rooms etc.

c) Third type of 顿补峁囜笉补办补 house:

In this type of 诲补峁囜笉补办补 house the width and the length of the building should be divided into three and six parts respectively. Veranda will be made by one part of the width. The third type of 诲补峁囜笉补办补 house should have two chambers (肠补峁卥谤补尘补峁�). These two chambers should be

separated by a partition, called 鈥�kabhitti鈥�. The word 鈥榢a鈥� refers to 产谤丑尘腻 in Sanskrit. Therefore, it is also known as brahmabhitti. This partition wall or kabhitti should be placed at the middle of the building and above the foundation deposit.

Maya said鈥�

garv膩dh膩na峁� 肠补峁卥谤补尘补峁嘺峁� kabhitti峁� mukhya惫腻蝉补ke | (Mayamata 7.95) 

This partition wall of the main building is decorated with a 办耻濒测腻产丑补诲惫腻谤补. Dagens says that it may be a designate door without wooden frame, or it may be constructed in a vaulted shape. These same aspects are also defined in 碍腻尘颈办腻驳补尘补.

Maya specifies which part of the chamber is fitted for dwelling-

va峁兣沘mule tu 惫腻蝉补峁� sy膩t va峁兣浤乬re ra峁単am墨rita峁� | (Mayamata 26.29)

The word 惫补峁僺补 here indicates the ridge beam of a building. 惫补峁僺补 is a structural formation of the building used to connect the rafters at the ridge. So, the inhabitants of the house should live at the bottom part of the 惫补峁僺补. At the top, a gynaecium is to be situated. It should be mentioned here that in this case, the ridge of the main building should be situated lengthwise and the axis of the ridge should be single one. This type of building is enclosed by surrounding walls. A gallery should be constructed at the four sides of the building: in front, behind and two others sides. Thus, the third type of 诲补峁囜笉补办补 house should be built. 

D) Fourth type of 顿补峁囜笉补办补 house:

In this type of 诲补峁囜笉补办补 house a gynaecium should be placed at the middle of the two chambers. The pillars of the 产丑补惫补峁嘺 should be well arranged as per the requirements of the building. There is no vaulted door.

e) Fifth type of 顿补峁囜笉补办补 house:

The width and length of this building should be divided into six and twelve parts respectively. From the six parts of the width, one part should be used for making a gallery. Two parts should be used for the body of main building. Among remaining parts one part at the front portion of the building should be used for the construction of veranda. The interior pillars of the building should be arranged as per requirements. There are two chambers made along the length, which are to be measured by two parts wide and three parts length. A gynaecium should be placed between the two chambers, measured by two parts in wide and four parts in length. 

3. Maulika type of building:

The roof of the Maulika type building should be structured in hipped shape (蝉补产丑腻办腻谤补艣颈谤补). Where all sides of the roof go downwards to the walls, it can be called hip or hipped roof. Generally, for this particular shape, the type of roof has no gable. But when it is made in a shape 诲惫测补艣谤补惫峁泃迟补 type there should a have single gable only. 顿惫测补艣谤补惫峁泃迟补 is a technical term that connotes a round shaped roof with two straight sides. This term is also known as 驳补箩补辫峁涐梗峁环补 or 丑补蝉迟颈辫峁涐梗峁环补, where an apse is located in the opposite side of the entrance. These are the common features of Maulika building. According to Maya this Maulika housing can not be a place for dwelling of women.

4. Svastika type of building:

Svastika type of building should be constructed with a front forepart, measured by two parts wide and with a two parts projection. Therefore, three gables are decorated in this kind of building. Two gables are placed at the two sides of the roof third one is on the forepart of the axis. According to Maya, this type of building is suitable particularly for gods, br膩hmins and kings, not for the other classes.

5. Caturmukha type of building:

The name caturmukha indicates that this building should have four gables (netra) at four different directions. In this kind of building two foreparts (mukhabhadra) are requires, one in front and other at the back side. Two gables should be made at the back side of two foreparts. Other two gables are made according to the ridge beam of the building. Caturmukha type building should have a dormer window (苍腻蝉颈办腻迟辞谤补峁嘺), areatures etc. Dormer window is a form of roof window, commonly used as to pass sufficient air and sunshine into the building. The dormer window should be situated at the top of the roof, so that it looks like a nose of building.

This caturmukha type of building is suitable for gods, br膩hmins, and kings.

6. Common features of the above mentioned buildings:

顿补峁囜笉补办补, Svastika, Maulika and Caturmukha鈥搕hese four types of building possess some common features. Five storeys are the maximum limitation of these buildings. The interior decoration should be done according to the owner鈥檚 requirement. Maya also says that the houses of the elephants, horses, bulls etc. should be separated from the main building and also from each other. It is because these animals are not equal in their behaviour. 

It is also mentioned that these animal houses should be decorated by two or three 肠奴濒颈蝉鈥�

sadvi 肠奴濒颈tric奴lya峁単am sa辫谤补驳谤墨惫补峁� satalpaka峁� | (Mayamata, 2.45b)

The meaning of the word 肠奴濒颈 or 肠奴濒颈ka is not beyond doubt. Dagens decoded the word 鈥榮ame as unidentified 肠奴濒颈k膩 or a kind of ventilator鈥�. 

A dictionary of Hindu Architecture describes the word 肠奴濒颈k膩鈥�

鈥淎 tower, a head-ornament, the capital, the top.鈥�^[1]  

The word 辫谤补驳谤墨惫补 means a kind of vestibule (尘耻办丑补艣腻濒补) and talpaka refers to door-leaf of 办补惫腻迟补.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

P.K Acharya, A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture, series.1 p. 197