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Traditionally, 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 are broadly classified into two categories, viz. 惭补丑腻辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 and 鲍辫补辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉. In the 狈腻谤补诲补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, it is stated that originally there was only one 笔耻谤腻峁嘺^[1] called 笔耻谤腻峁嘺-蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, which was written by 痴测腻蝉补, the son of great sage 笔补谤腻艣补谤补. It has been stated earlier that after completing the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺-蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 K峁涐梗峁嘺 Dvaip膩yana 痴测腻蝉补 imparted it to his disciple 厂奴迟补 搁辞尘补丑补谤峁�a峁嘺 (or 尝辞尘补丑补谤峁�a峁嘺) who taught this to his disciples^[2] After that 碍补艣测补辫补, 厂腻惫补谤峁噄 and Sa峁僺ap膩ya峁嘺, the three disciples of 搁辞尘补丑补谤峁�a峁嘺, composed their own 厂补峁僪颈迟腻蝉. These four were called the original 笔耻谤腻峁嘺-蝉补峁僪颈迟腻s.

In the second stage of development of 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 literature, the number of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is ten. At last, in the final or third stage we find the traditional eighteen 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉. According to 惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈^[3] and 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈^[4], the word 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 has been used in the plural number.^[5] The lists of the eighteen 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, which are given by almost all the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 are more or less the same.

According to 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 literature, the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 included in the list of eighteen 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 are鈥�

1. 叠谤腻丑尘补,
2. 笔腻诲尘补,
3. 痴颈峁ａ箛耻,
4. 艢颈惫补,
5. 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补,
6. 狈腻谤补诲墨测补,
7. 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补,
8. Agni,
9. Bhavisya,
10. Brahmavaivarta,
11. 尝颈峁単补,
12. 痴补谤腻丑补,
13. Skanda,
14. 痴腻尘补苍补,
15. 碍奴谤尘补,
16. Matsya,
17. 骋补谤耻岣峚,
18. 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉补.^[6]

The 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补pur膩峁嘺 also mentions the same eighteen 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉.^[7]

The 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补pur膩峁嘺 also mentions the same eighteen 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 in a different way鈥�

产谤腻丑尘补峁� 辫腻诲尘补峁� 惫补颈峁ａ箛补惫补峁� ca 艣补颈惫补峁� 濒颈峁単补峁� sagaru岣峚峁� /
苍腻谤补诲墨测补峁� bh膩gavatam膩gneya峁� skanda sa峁卝帽ita峁� //
bhabi峁�ya峁� brahmavaivarta峁� 尘腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补峁� sav膩mana峁� /
惫腻谤腻丑补峁� m膩tsya办补耻谤尘补峁� ca brahm膩峁囜笉膩khyamiti tri峁�a峁� //^[8]

In the 顿别惫墨产丑腻驳补惫补迟补, there is a verse composed taking the first letter of the names of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 which contains almost the same list with only one exception.^[9] Here the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺 is mentioned in place of the 艢颈惫补pur膩峁嘺. Thus in the list of the 惭补丑腻辫耻谤腻峁嘺, sometimes the 艢颈惫补pur膩峁嘺 is replaced by the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺.^[10] The eighteen numbers of 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 is found in a number of Pur膩峁卆s such as-the 笔补诲尘补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补pur膩峁嘺, the 骋补谤耻岣峚pur膩峁嘺 etc.^[11] But the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 are not in same serial order. The 厂办补苍诲补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 confirms that the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺 itself is the 艢颈惫补pur膩峁嘺.^[12] Again according to Pargiter the 痴腻测耻 and the 叠谤腻丑尘腻峁囜笉补 were originally one 笔耻谤腻峁嘺.^[13]

In the above mentioned list the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺 is omitted. But some 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 include the name of the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺 in the place of the 艢颈惫补pur膩峁嘺. There are also other changes that we see in almost all the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉. The 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺 omits the 艢颈惫补pur膩峁嘺 and inserts the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺. But the 碍奴谤尘补pur膩峁嘺 includes the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺 in the place of the 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺. Again the 痴补谤腻丑补pur膩峁嘺 includes the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺 and the 狈腻谤补蝉颈峁僪补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 in the place of the 骋补谤耻岣峚pur膩峁嘺 and the 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉补pur膩峁嘺. The 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补pur膩峁嘺 and the 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补pur膩峁嘺 agree with the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻pur膩峁嘺 while the 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 agrees with the 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺.^[14] Some scholar includes the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺 and the 艢颈惫补pur膩峁嘺 both for the sake of eliminating the controversy. They say that the number of 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 is nineteen.

It is believed that lord 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 appears in the form of 痴测腻蝉补 in every 顿惫腻辫补谤补 of all the Manvantaras. And then he creates these eighteen 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 for the well-being of the mankind. It is hoped that even a sinful man, who reads and listens to these eighteen 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, becomes sinless and sacred.^[15]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

pur膩峁嘺mekamev膩s墨t sarve峁�u kalpe峁�u m膩nadam / 狈腻谤补诲补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 1.12.22

[2]:

谤辞尘补丑补谤峁�a峁嘺苍腻尘腻苍补峁� 尘补丑腻产耻诲诲丑颈峁� 尘补丑腻尘耻苍颈岣� /
蝉奴迟补峁� 箩补驳谤腻丑补 艣颈峁�y补峁� sa itih膩sapur膩峁嘺yo岣� // 痴颈峁ａ箛耻pur膩峁嘺, 3.4.10

[3]:

sv膩dhyaya峁� 艣r膩vayet pitrye...........pur膩峁嚹乶i khil膩ni ca / 惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈, 3.232

[4]:

yato 惫别诲补岣� pur膩峁嚹乶i vidyopani峁�adastath膩 / 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈, 3.189

[5]:

罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测腻谤补峁噛补办补, 2.9

[6]:

痴颈峁ａ箛耻pur膩峁嘺, 3.6.20-24; 碍奴谤尘补pur膩峁嘺, 1.1.13-15; 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁� a,. 53.13-56; 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 272.1-23

[7]:

产谤腻丑尘补峁� 辫腻诲尘补峁� 惫补颈峁ａ箛补惫补峁� ca 艣补颈惫补峁� 产丑腻驳补惫补迟补峁� 迟补迟丑腻//
tath膩nyan苍腻谤补诲墨测补峁� ca 尘腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补峁� ca saptamam /
腻驳苍别测补尘补峁ａ弓补峁僷谤辞办迟补峁� 产丑补惫颈峁�y补峁� navama峁� 迟补迟丑腻//
诲补艣补尘补峁� brahmavaivarta峁� lai峁単amek膩da艣a峁� sm峁泃am/
惫腻谤腻丑补峁� dv膩da艣a峁儽璋�辞办迟补峁� sk膩峁囜笉amatra trayoda艣am //
肠补迟耻谤诲补艣补峁� 惫腻尘补苍补峁僣补 办补耻谤尘补峁� 辫补帽肠补诲补艣补峁� tath膩 /
尘腻迟蝉测补峁� ca 驳腻谤耻岣峚峁� caiva 产谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉补峁� ca 迟补迟补岣� param // 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补pur膩峁嘺, 134.8 b-11

[8]:

叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补pur膩峁嘺,12.7.23-24

[9]:

madvaya峁� bhadvaga峁� caiva bratraya峁� bacatu峁ａ弓ayam / an膩pali峁単ak奴sk膩ni pur膩峁嚹乶i pracak峁�ate // 顿别惫墨产丑腻驳补惫补迟补pur膩峁嘺, 1.3.2

[10]:

惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 31.18

[11]:

笔补诲尘补辫耻谤腻峁嘺,155.86-93; 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺,104.3-11; 骋补谤耻岣峚pur膩峁嘺, 215.15-16

[12]:

肠补迟耻谤迟丑补峁� 惫腻测耻苍腻 辫谤辞办迟补峁� v膩yav墨yamiti sm峁泃am /
艣ivabhaktisam膩yog膩cchaiva峁� tacc膩par膩khyay膩 // 厂办补苍诲补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 5.3.1.33

[13]:

J. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol.X., p.448

[14]:

H. H. Wilson, The 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, Preface, p.XIV

[15]:

B. B. Paliwal, Message of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, p.15