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A thorough and comprehensive study of the origin and development of the concept of Lord 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in Sanskrit Literature demands investigative research. 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 an incarnation of Lord 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 comprises of two interrelated terms 鈥�Haya鈥� the horse and 鈥�骋谤墨惫补鈥� the neck of horse that denotes some god whose origin can be traced back in the Vedic literature. However, the first explicit mention of the name 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 is found in 贬补测补驳谤墨惫辞辫补苍颈峁�a诲 as well as in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补.

The thesis consists of seven chapters.

Chapter鈥擨 Introduction

A holistic study of the concept of the 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 补惫补迟腻谤补 and the cult necessitates a look into the origin of the unusual form of Lord 痴颈峁ａ箛耻, the symbolic implication behind the concept of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 and its expansion into the later Vedic literature. While tracing the antecedent of Lord 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in Sanskrit Literature, we first approach the ancient Vedic texts to investigate the underlying concept of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补, then move on to the mythological description of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in the great epic 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 and also in different sectarian 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, where we come across iconographical forms and modes of worship in the Vedic, Pur膩峁噄c and T膩ntrik traditions that continue till date.

Chapter鈥擨I 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in the 贬补测补驳谤墨惫辞辫补苍颈峁�a诲

痴颈峁ａ箛耻, the great God, a deity holding a comparatively subordinate position in the 峁欢惫别诲补, occupies a prominent place in the 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉 and the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 as a god of mythological characteristics . The commencement of the symbol-worship in the Vedic mantras, the horse as the sun or the sun steed and his relationship with solar god 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 during the period of the 厂补峁僪颈迟腻蝉, the beheading motif of Dadhya帽c and 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 and the connection between the ritualistic viewpoint of pravargya and the symbolic expression of horse head as 驰补箩帽补 痴颈峁ａ箛耻, is explicit in the myths, rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices in the 叠谤腻丑尘补峁嘺蝉 and 膧谤补峁噛补办补蝉 that gradually developed into the horse headed deity as supreme lord of knowledge and wisdom in the 贬补测补驳谤墨惫辞辫补苍颈峁�a诲.

Chapter鈥擨II 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补

The name 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 appears apparently for the first time in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 though the deity finds prominence in the 贬补测补驳谤墨惫辞辫补苍颈峁�a a minor 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a written probably in the post 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 period.

A study of the concept of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 shows a major mythical description of the celestial horse-headed deity 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 贬补测补艣颈谤补蝉 as the retriever of the stolen Vedas by subduing the demons Madhu-碍补颈峁璦产丑补. 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 has been raised to the prominence as the supreme lord of learning and wisdom in the Hayagrivopanisad which also accepts the episode of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻-贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 as a retriever of the Vedas. Some other references of Hayamukha, 贬补测补艣颈谤补, Asva艣ira, and 痴补岣峚惫腻尘耻办丑补 a ear rominent y as e ithets to 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补. Focus has been laid on the chronological development of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补, on understanding of the concept of myth and a detailed analysis of the central myth of 贬补测补艣颈谤补 痴颈峁ａ箛耻.

贬补测补艣颈谤补 in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 and 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 in the 贬补谤颈惫补峁兣沘 are two manifestations of the supreme 痴颈峁ａ箛耻. The 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 refers to the divine 贬补测补艣颈谤补, but the 贬补谤颈惫补峁兣沘 mentions the 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 as a demon, both being distinct manifestations of energy, one implied as good and the other as evil.

Chapter鈥擨V 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in Different 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉

The analysis of the 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 concept in different religio-sectarian 辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 has been made in four aspects. The form of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 as an 补惫补迟腻谤补, the mythological aspect of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补, the iconographical descriptions of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 and the mode of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 worship. The exploration of the 补惫补迟腻谤颈肠 lists in the religio-secterian 辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, myths, iconography and the mode of worship of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 reveals the cult of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 to be expansive, and the innumerable methods, ways of imagination, belief that create ideas about the Lord, to suit basic requirements and complement the socio-religious system of the time.

Chapter鈥擵 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in the 顿别惫墨产丑腻驳补惫补迟补

Significantly the most elaborate myth of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻-贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in the 顿别惫墨产丑腻驳补惫补迟补 辫耻谤腻峁嘺 shows 顿别惫墨 as the explicit reason behind every cosmic activity. The descriptions of the two 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补s鈥攐ne the divine 痴颈峁ａ箛耻-贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 and the other demon 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in the same myth lays emphasis on the divine goddess as a central reason behind the curse given to Lord 痴颈峁ａ箛耻. 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 appearance of Lord 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 caused by 惭补丑腻-尝补办峁�m颈鈥檚 curse not only fulfils the purpose of curse but serves the purpose of peace caused by the killing of the demon 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 who bagged a boon from 顿别惫墨 on y to be ki ed by 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 . The similarities of the beheading concept in the Br膩hma峁噄c myth (艢atapatha Br膩hma峁嘺) and the Pur膩峁噄c myth, expanded in the 顿别惫墨产丑腻驳补惫补迟补 where aspects of divinity and iniquity in nature, cause, event and consequence of both mortals and immortals appear as unavoidable complexities designed for good and reform.

Chapter鈥擵I 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 in the 驰辞驳颈苍墨 Tantra

A glimpse into the 驰辞驳颈苍墨 Tantra offers the details of the origin of the stone image of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 惭腻诲丑补惫补, the iconographic descriptions, mode of worship revealing the esoteric practices with tantra sacraments of the ritual that in due course of time transformed into neo-惫补颈峁ａ箛补惫颈蝉尘 characterised by its 蝉腻迟迟惫颈办 manner. During the confluence of 痴补箩谤补测腻苍补 tantrism with Br膩hmanic re igion and cu ture, their elements were somehow modified, reformed even extinguished. 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 惭腻诲丑补惫补 temple situated in the hillock 惭补峁噄办奴峁璦 at 贬腻箩辞 represents such a symbol of religious unification in 碍腻尘补谤奴辫补. A visit to the 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 惭腻诲丑补惫补 temple gave a more comprehensive picture of history, temple architecture, and the modes of worships in ancient times and its differences at present day.

Chapter鈥擵III Conclusion

The genre of Vedic literature led us to the origin of the symbolic concept of theriomorphic manifestation of Lord 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 that symbolises energy, speed, power, intelligence and sacred knowledge. The concept of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 dormant in the Vedic period gradually emerged as a luminous form in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, and different sectarian 辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, where His role as the retriever of supreme knowledge becomes evident. 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 occupies an exalted position in the 惫补颈峁ａ箛补惫补 辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 and his worship is rewarded with intelligence; but in the 艣腻办迟补 tradition , 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 occupies a role secondary to the supreme 顿别惫墨. 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补, signifying the dynamic energy and seeded in Vedic texts, gradually flourished into a cult that brought an end to the contradictions with confluence of Br膩hmanic and Buddhist ideologies. 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 prevails today as a living deity in the heart of his Hindu and Buddhist followers.

Hence our effort accommodates a fresh and significant contribution to the domain of knowledge in the academic world. Various aspects of 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 such as, the benevolent form, supreme form, god form, the contradictory divine and demonic forms and the good with demonic instinct and the evil with good instinct could be realized through the study. Realizing the immense potential of energy both good and evil, one needs to understand the potential of knowledge for spiritual upliftment of mind and soul. The spiritual tradition of India, no doubt, has been enriched by the significant conce tion of Lord 贬补测补驳谤墨惫补 ref ected in the ancient Indian Sanskrit literature.

Anindita Adhikari
Research Scholar,
Department of Sanskrit,
Tripura University,

Dr. Chandan Kumar Chakraborty
Supervisor,
Department of Sanskrit,
Tripura University,

Dr. Debaraj Panigrahi
Co-Supervisor,
Department Of Sanskrit,
Tripura University,