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It is interesting to observe that the description about village is rather incidental, not deliberate in Sanskrit literature. On the other hand, copious graphic descriptions of the forest and of the city are seen. If one follows the technical rules for the composition of a 惭补丑腻办腻惫测补, representations or descriptions of the cities, as those of oceans, mountains etc. are the essential ingredients^[1]. In 痴腻濒尘墨办颈谤腻尘腻测补峁嘺 we can find a detailed description about the characteristics of an ideal city^[2]. Other thn 础测辞诲丑测腻, there are two other major cities called 尝补峁卥腻 and 碍颈峁�k颈苍诲丑腻 also mentioned in 痴腻濒尘墨办颈谤腻尘腻测补峁嘺, but the aim of 痴腻濒尘墨办颈 is to expose 础测辞诲丑测腻 under the category of an ideal city. For this reason he virtually constructed a role model for being effected for all the cities.

The chapter N膩garakav峁泃ta-辫谤补办补谤补峁嘺 of 痴腻迟蝉测腻测补苍补-办腻尘补蝉奴迟谤补 opens with a recommendation about where young persons of all 惫补谤峁嘺蝉, entering the life of a householder after completing education, should reside at the places like nagara, 办丑补谤惫补峁璦, mahat or the place where good people inhabited^[3]; there may be different good places to live in, but the list gives priority to nagara, the city. Another important reference on details about an ideal city-life in a very detailed manner can be seen in the Caturbh膩峁噄 plays^[4]. Some of the visible examples are as follows. In the play 鲍产丑补测腻产丑颈蝉腻谤颈办腻, the character (惫颈峁璦) describes the beauty and characteristics of the city named Kusumapura^[5]. Here it is stated that, only the various physical components do not make a city; a city is what its inhabitants make of it. In short the entire beauty is concluded thus; 鈥淒ue to the people鈥檚 lack of any fear, their constant taking part in festivals with happy faces, their graceful wearing of jewels, and their gorgeous decorations of the body with garlands, scents and fine clothes, their interest in various diverting sports and for their other equally well-known qualities, the earth with 笔腻峁璦濒颈辫耻迟谤补 as her tilaka appears, as it were, like heaven鈥� (Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya, 2003: 123).

Another statement about the same city depicted in the play 顿丑奴谤迟补-痴颈峁璦 厂补尘惫腻诲补 thus: 鈥淚t is in the fitness of things that the city of Kusumapura, unlike the other cities, enjoys in the world an unexceptionable reputation. Many are the high buildings in it. From its very dense population as well as its heaps of merchandise, people are astonished to mark its special opulence. But what are there to be astonished at? There are other wealthy cities are abundant in literature. But there are certain uncommon features too. It has been said: 鈥淗ere donors are plentiful; arts are prized; woman鈥檚 company can be enjoyed through polished manners; the rich are neither conceited nor jealous [one another]; men are not without learning, they esteem highly one another鈥檚 merits and are grateful [to their benefactors]. [In short] even Gods can find happiness in this city after quitting heaven鈥�^[6] (Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya, 2003: 123).

碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补 in 惭腻濒补惫颈办腻驳苍颈尘颈迟谤补 stated about the standard or quality of livelihood in a single sentence, which emphatically pronounces upon the foolishness of getting gems tested in a village when the commercial city exists, the expression leaving one in no doubt about the unquestionable supremacy of service available in a city^[7].

There are many more examples about the glorification of city and city life which can be quoted from different texts like 艢奴诲谤补办补鈥檚 惭峁沜肠补办补峁璱办补.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

nagar膩r峁嘺va艣ailartu candr膩rkodayavar峁嘺nai岣� | udy膩nasalilakr墨岣嵞乵adhup膩naratotsavai岣� || (k膩vy膩dar艣a岣�, 1. 16)

[2]:

痴腻濒尘墨办颈谤腻尘腻测补峁嘺, 1. 5

[3]:

g峁沨墨tavidya岣� pratigrahajayakrayanirve艣膩dhigatairarthairanvay膩gatairubhayairv膩 g膩rhasthyamadhigamya n膩garakav峁泃ta峁� varteta | nagare kharva峁璭 mahati v膩 sajjan膩艣raye sthanam ||  (k膩mas奴tra, 1. 4. 1-2)

[4]:

Caturbh膩峁噄 is a collection of Four 叠丑腻峁嘺 plays namely; 笔补诲尘补辫谤腻产丑峁泃补办补尘 of 艢奴诲谤补办补, Dh奴rtta惫颈峁璦samv膩dah of 莫艣varadatta, 鲍产丑补测腻产丑颈蝉腻谤颈办腻 of Vararuci and 笔腻诲补迟腻岣峣迟补办补尘 of 艢y膩milaka respectively

[5]:

aho! kusumapurar膩jam膩rgasya 辫补谤腻 艣r墨岣� | iha hi-susiktasa峁僢h峁涐梗峁璷cc膩vacakusumopah膩r膩 anyag峁沨膩峁嚹佱箖 v膩sag峁沨膩yante 谤补迟丑测腻岣� | n膩n膩vidh膩n膩峁� pa峁噛asamud膩y膩n膩峁� krayavikrayavy膩p峁泃ajanena 艣obhante'ntar膩pa峁嘺mukh膩ni | brahmod膩hara峁嘺sa峁僩墨tadhanurjy膩gho峁�airanyo'nyamabhivy膩harant墨va pr膩s膩dapa峁卥tya岣� | kvacidudgh膩峁璱tagav膩k峁�e峁�u pr膩s膩dameghe峁�u rathy膩valokanakut奴hal膩岣� 艣obhante pramad膩vidyuta岣� kail膩saparvat膩ntargat膩 iv膩psarasa岣� | api ca, pravarahayagajarathagat膩 颈迟补蝉迟补迟补岣� paricalanta岣� 艣obhante mah膩m膩tramukhy膩岣� | taru峁嘺jananayanamanohara峁嘺samarth膩艣c膩rul墨l膩岣� sthanavinyastabh奴峁�a峁嚹佱弗 suranagaravarayuvati艣riyamapahasantya岣� paricaranti pre峁�yayuvataya岣� | sarvajananayanabhramarair膩p墨yam膩namukhakamala艣obh膩 rathy膩nuprah膩rthamiva p膩daprac膩ral墨l膩manubhavanti ga峁噄k膩d膩rik膩岣� | ki峁� bahun膩sarvairv墨tabhayai岣� prah峁涐梗峁璦vadanairnityotsavavy膩p峁泃ai岣� 艣r墨madratnavibh奴峁�a峁嚹佱箙garacanai岣� sraggandhavastrojjvalai岣� | kr墨岣嵞乻aukhya辫补谤腻ya峁嘺irviracitaprakhy膩tan膩n膩gu峁嘺irbh奴mi岣� p膩峁璦liputrac膩rutilak膩 svarg膩yate s膩mpratam ||

[6]:

sthane khalu kusumapurasy膩nanyanagarasad峁浥浤� nagaramityavi艣e峁�agr膩hi峁嚹� p峁泃hivy膩峁� 蝉迟丑颈迟腻 办墨谤迟颈岣� | bah奴ni khalvasya purasya g峁沨膩峁噛ucchr膩yavanti | pa峁噛asamud膩y膩jjanab膩huly膩艣ca t膩峁僺t膩峁兣沜a sam峁沝dhivi艣e峁Ｄ乶 诲峁涐梗峁璿腻 vismayate 箩补苍补岣� | tatra ko 惫颈蝉尘补测补岣�? santi hy膩ny膩nyapi sam峁沝dhimanti pur膩峁噄 | yetvasya ni岣�s膩dh膩ra峁嚹� gu峁嚹乻t膩n vak峁�y膩ma岣� | tath膩 hid膩t膩ra岣� 蝉耻濒补产丑腻岣� 办补濒腻 产补丑耻尘补迟腻 d膩k峁�i峁噛abhogy膩岣� striyo nonmatt膩 dhanino na matsarayut膩 vidy膩vin墨t膩 苍补谤腻岣� | 蝉补谤惫补岣� 艣i峁ａ弓akatha岣�parasparagu峁嘺gr膩h墨 k峁泃aj帽o 箩补苍补岣� 艣补办测补峁� bho nagare surairapi 诲颈惫补峁� santyajya labdhu峁� sukham ||

[7]:

alamup膩lambhena | pattane vidyam膩ne'pi gr膩me 谤补迟苍补辫补谤墨办峁Ｄ� || (尘腻濒补惫颈办腻驳苍颈尘颈迟谤补尘, 1)