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LIST OF RG VEDA MUDRAS 1. Hrasvamudra - Mudra for short (hrasva) syllables. All fingers are 2. extended in all joints and all fingers except the thumb are in apposition with each other. Eg:-Devasya, Asavi, Gayata Murdhanyamudra - Mudra for retroflex (murdhanya). Consonants, viz, ta, tha, da, dha, na, sa and la followed by short vowel or e. Ring finger flexed at metacarpophalangeal joint and first interphalangeal joint, extended at last interphalangeal joint, all other fingers extended and separated from each other. Hand in supination. Eg:- Raksa, Trini, Aila (RV.10.95.18), Kane (RV. 10. 155.1) The same mudra is used for syllables ending sya or sva unless they are accented with svarita. Eg:-irusya, Krnusva For syllables ending with sya or sva and marked with svarita, the Hrasvamudra is used. Eg:- Amusya 3. Ghosamudra Mudra for unaspirated consonants with a voice - (ghosa), viz: gha, jha, dha, dha, bha and ha. All joints extended except metacarpophalangeal joints of little, ring and the middle fingers which are flexed. Hand in semipronation. Eg: Gha, Adhi, Tastambha, Abhi, Nahi. 188

4. 189 Dirghavisargamudra - Mudra for long (dirgha) syllables ending in visarga (h), and for syllables ending - na and - ni. The little, ring and the middle fingers flexed at metacarpophalangeal and first interphalangeal joints, while the thumb rests on the outer surface of the middle phalanx of the ring and the middle fingers. Hand is in pronation, except for sarvanudatta, where it is in supination. Eg:- Devah, Tayoh, Bahvih, Devih, Ratnani, Dhattana 5. Udattamudra - Mudra for syllables with udatta accent. Thumb extended, all other fingers fixed at metacarpophalangeal and first interphalangeal while the last interphalangeal joints are kept extended. Hand in supination. 6. 7. Eg:- Vi, Adya, Pra, Uta Tithimudra or Timudra - Mudra for syllables ending in - ti and thi. The Ring and middle fingers kept in apposition, flexed at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extended at other joints, tip of the thumb resting on the tip of the ring and the middle fingers at their inner surface. Other fingers are extended. Eg:- Iti, Patani, Pathi Simudra Mudra for syllables ending in si, se, sya and sva. Index finger flexed at metacarpophalangeal and first interphalangeal joints; thumb rests upon the distal half of the index finger at its outer surface. All other joints are extended. Eg:- Asi, Atasi (RV. 1.30.4), Devasya, Sahase,

8. 9. Ukaramudra Mudra for syllables ending in - U- Ring, middle and the index fingers flexed at metacarpophalangeal joints and kept in apposition, tip of the thumb rests upon the inner surface of the tip of the index finger. All other joints are extended. Hand is in pronation. Eg:- Krnu, Vidu, Vilu, Apsu, Susthu (RV. 8.22.18) Svarapurvakatakaramudra - Mudra for syllables ending in - t (takara) preceded by a vowel (svara). Index finger flexed at the metacarpophalangeal joint, tips of index and thumb fingers kept in apposition. All other joints are extended. Eg:- At, Tat, Yat If the preceding vowel is short, the hand is in supination. Eg: Tat, Yat. If the preceding vowel is long, the hand is pronation Eg:- At. 10. Hrasvavisargamudra - Mudra for short syllables ending in visarga. 11. Tips of the index finger and the thumb are kept in apposition, forming a ring that is opened at the sounding of the visarga. Eg: Sah, Agnih, Divah. Akaramudra - Mudra for all syllables ending in - a. The ring finger is flexed at the metacarpophalangeal joint. All other joints are extended. Hand is in pronation. Eg: a, Vrsa, Manasa. - 190

12. Prathamantamudra - Mudra for syllables end in "first" (prathama). Consonants, viz,- k and-t, or ending in -t immediately preceded by r. Same as Akaramudra but with the tip of the thumb touching the root of the ring finger. Eg: Samrat, Vit, Arvak, Avart (RV. 7.59.4) 13. Talavyadirghamudra - Mudra for long, palatal (talavya) vowels, viz, and e unless they follow retroflex consonants (viz, ta, tha, da, dha, na, sa, la) The Ring, middle and the index fingers are flexed at metacarpophalangeal and first interphalangeal joints, thumb rests on the outer surface of the middle phalanx of the index finger. The little finger is extended in all joints. Eg:- Dadhati, Urvi etc. 14. Aikaramudra - Mudra for ai. Same as Talavyadirghamudra, but with the rotating movement of the tip of the little finger. Eg:- Elavai, Yajadhyai 15. Osthyadirghamudra - Mudra for long, labial (osthya) vowels, viz, u, o and au. Same as Ukaramudra (No:8), but the little finger is also in apposition with the other. Eg:- Vasu, Vaso, Indo, Ubhau 16. Nakaramudra - Mudra for n. Index finger flexed at the metacarpophalangeal joint with distal phalanx of the thumb resting on the other surface of the first phalanx of the index finger. All other fingers are extended. Eg:- Mahan, Kavin, Devan 191

17. Nakaramudra - Mudra for n and n. Middle finger flexed at metacarpophalangeal joint, the tip of the thumb touching its first interphalangeal joint, at its inner surface. Eg: Pratyan, Aksan, Vantah (RV 10.79.7) 18. Anusvaramudra - Mudra for short anusvara. The ring, middle and inedx fingers flexed at metacarpophalangeal joints. Thumb rests on the outer surface of the middle phalanges of the middle and index fingers. Little finger is extended at the metacarpophalangeal, and fixed at all other joints. Hand is in semipronation. Eg: Tam, Devam, Agnim, Purohitam, Vibhum (RV 6.15.8) 19. Dirghanusvaramudra - Mudra for long anusvara. Anusvaramudra in prone position. Eg:- Nasatyabhyam, Gacchatam, Urvim. 20. Akarasucakamudra - Mudra for initial a in doubtful situation. Same as Dirghavisargamudra (No.4). for ai and au, with the index finger moving up and down. (viz - Aikaravisargamudra) Eg:- Gopamaguh (RV.10.61.10) with padapatha Gopam / a/ aguh/, not gopam /a/ guh/. 21. Mudra for repha, vikara, prakrti and utpatti - Same as Svarapurvakatakaramudra (no.9), but with a "pen-rolling" movement between the tips of the thumb and the index finger. 22. Vikaranisedhamudra Mudra used when an expected modification following a modification from retroflex to dental 192

as marked by Vikaramudra (no. 21) does not take place. Same as Murdhanyamudra (No.2), but the index finger moves slightly up and down. This mudra is also used for pragrhya words when the final vowel is not subject to sandhi. 23. Hrasvikaranamudra - Mudra for shortening (hrasvikaranam) in the padapatha. Same as Talavyadirghamudra (No.13), but the hand makes a tilting movement in semi pronated position. 24. Um-itimudra - Mudra for um iti in the padapatha. The index finger is flexed at the first interphalangeal joint, its tip resting on the phalanx of the middle finger. The middle and the ring fingers are slightly bent, the thumb and the little fingers extended. 25. Avagrahamudra - Mudra for separation (avagraha) in the padapatha of a compound word in the samhita. Same as Talavyadirghamudra (no:13), but the hand is kept in different positions.