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[Full title: (A) Philosophical aspects; (IV) The yoga philosophy; (3) Concept of Tapas].

Devala defines the term tapas as mortification or heating of the body by means of the practice of vows, fasts & rules. (2378-2394 & 8). He, systematically enumerates various virtues

861 and activities, that constitute the vrata, upavasa & niyamas He also defines tapas as the practice of dharma (duty) as enjoined to him, in accordance with his caste & stage in life, Thus the explanation, of tapas is very practical and is in conformity with the dictates of Dharmasastra. He does not explain it from the philosophical standpoint. 79 Devala's concept can be compared with that of Gautama (3/1/15) & Baudhayana (III/10/14), as there are some common points among them. All of them enumerate some virtues & activities as constituing the tapas. The five rules, mentioned by Gautama are also found in Devala's explanation, while Baudhayana has the 'service of preceptor', as the additional common factor, alongwith the above five in Gautama. Baudhayana mentions 'wearing of one garment' (Ekavastrata) instead of 'wearing of wet-garment'. But there is also much difference. The non-violence and non-stealing, enumerated among the constituents of tapas by Baudhayana are not found in the definition of Devala & Gautama. There is much similarity between Gautama & Baudhayana. Devala is more systematic. & exhaustive than both of them. } " Thus though Devala's treatment of the concept of tapas may seem to be similar to Gautama & Baudhayana in some respects, he is not indebted to any of them. His approach is novel, systematic & original.