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痴腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑颈苍蝉 according to 叠补耻诲丑腻测补苍补 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补 are classified into two as those, 辫补肠补尘腻苍补办补 (辫补肠补尘腻苍补办补) and 补辫补肠补尘腻峁僰补^[1] (a辫补肠补尘腻苍补办补). The 辫补肠补尘腻苍补办补s are of five types,^[2]

1. 厂补谤惫腻谤补峁噛补办补鈥�eating all forest produce;
2. 痴补颈迟耻峁�i办补鈥攅ating only husked grain;
3. 碍补苍诲补尘奴濒补产丑补办峁�a鈥�eating only bulbs and roots;
4. 笔丑补濒补产丑补办峁�a鈥�eating only fruits; and
5. 艢腻办补产丑补办峁�a鈥�eating only leafy vegetables.

Of these, the 厂补谤惫腻谤补峁噛补办补蝉 are of two types, using two kinds of forest produce.^[3] They are the 滨苍诲谤腻惫补蝉颈办迟补蝉 -those who use plants grown and nurtured by rain; and the Retovasiktas -those who use animals produced from semen. Of these, the 滨苍诲谤腻惫补蝉颈办迟补蝉 collect the produce of vines, shrubs, creepers, and trees; cook it; offer the daily fire sacrifice (with it) morning and evening, give portions of it to ascetics, atithis, and students; and eat what remains.^[4] The Retovasiktas collect the flesh of animals killed by tigers, wolves, hawks, or other predators; cook it, offer the daily fire sacrifice (with it) morning and evening, give portions of it to ascetics, atithis, and students, and eat what remains.^[5] 痴补颈迟耻峁�i办补s, avoiding grains with husks, collect husked rice kernels; cook it; offer the daily fire sacrifice with it morning and evening; give portions of it to ascetics, atithis, and students; and eat what remains.^[6] Those who eat only bulbs and roots, or only fruits, or only leafy vegetables, also do likewise.^[7]

Different kinds of 痴腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑颈苍蝉 are classified in the seventh 办丑补峁囜笉颈办腻 of eighth 辫谤补艣苍补 of 痴补颈办丑腻苍补蝉补 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补 The hermits are either with or without a wife. Those who are with their wife are fourfold. They are, the 础耻诲耻峁僢补谤补, the 痴补颈谤颈帽肠补, the 痴腻濒补办丑颈濒测补^[8] and the Phenapa hermit.^[9] The 础耻诲耻峁僢补谤补 hermit subsisting on fruits that grow on unploughed land and herbs that are not sowed, or roots and fruits abstaining from salt, asafoetida, garlic, honey, fish, flesh, sour gruel made of the fermentation of foul rice, and of what has been touched or cooked by other persons, honouring Gods, 峁氠梗颈蝉, fathers and men, dwells in the woods and keep himself far from the villages. Performing at evening and morning the agnihotra and the sacrifice in to the 艣谤补尘补峁嘺办补 fire and the 痴补颈艣惫补诲别惫补 sacrifice, devotes him to ascetism. The 痴补颈谤颈帽肠补 hermit nourishes those who belong to him and his atithis with fruits, barley, wild rice and so on. The undertaking of the order of a 痴腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑颈苍 is elaborated in the second 办丑补峁囜笉补 of the nineth 辫谤补艣苍补. After the 痴补颈艣惫补诲别惫补 sacrifice 惫腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑颈苍蝉 feeds the atithis that may come to him and himself eats moderately.

Though those who became 惫腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑颈苍蝉 went to the forest only after handing over their duties and responsibilities to their sons, they are expected to continue their customary traditional practices in the forest too.

From the time of Vedas, atithi-蝉补辫补谤测腻 has been very important. Atithi-蝉补辫补谤测腻 became a systematic practice during the time of 顿丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补蝉 when 惫补谤峁嚹伵况补尘补 system flourished. 骋峁沨补蝉迟丑补 practiced atithi-蝉补辫补谤测腻 as a routine. It is found that there are certain ups and down in atithi-蝉补辫补谤测腻 based on the 惫补谤峁嘺 system. 痴腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑颈苍 also has to honour his atithis just as 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补.

Receiving an atithi is the duty of a householder. It would bring him goodness, if performed appropriately. Otherwise, ie, if it is eschewed, it can become a sin. Both these boon and curse play a key role in many notable Sanskrit literary works.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

pa帽caiv膩'pacam膩nak膩岣モ�攗nmajjak膩岣� prav峁泃t膩艣ino mukhen膩d膩yinastoy膩h膩r膩v膩yubh膩k峁�a艣ceti || 叠补耻诲丑腻测补苍补 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补,3.33.9

[2]:

tatra pacam膩nak膩岣� 辫补帽肠补惫颈诲丑腻岣�鈥攕arv膩ra峁噛ak膩vaitu峁�ik膩岣� kandam奴labhak峁Ｄ佱弗 phalabhak峁Ｄ伵浥浤乲abhak峁Ｄ伵沜eti || ibid., 3.33.3

[3]:

tatra sarv膩ra峁噛ak膩 苍腻尘补 诲惫颈惫颈诲丑腻岣� dvividham膩ra峁噛am膩艣rayanta岣モ�攊ndr膩vasikt膩 retovasikt膩艣ceti ||  ibid.,3.33.4

[4]:

tatrendr膩vasikt膩 苍腻尘补 vall墨gulmalat膩v峁沰峁Ｄ佱箛膩m膩nayitv膩 艣rapayitv膩 蝉腻测补峁� pr膩taragnihotra峁� hutv膩 yatyatithivratibhya艣ca datv膩'thetaracche峁�abhak峁Ｄ佱弗 || ibid.,3.33.5

[5]:

retovasikt膩 苍腻尘补 尘腻峁僺补 vy膩ghrav峁沰a艣yen膩dibhiranyatamena v膩 hatam膩nayitv膩 艣rapayitv膩 蝉腻测补峁� pr膩taragnihotra峁� hutv膩 yatyatithibhya艣ca datv膩'thetaracche峁�abhak峁Ｄ佱弗 || ibid.,3.33.6

[6]:

vaitu峁�ik膩stu峁�adh膩nyavarja ta峁囜笉ul膩n膩nayitv膩 艣rapayitv膩 蝉腻测补峁� pr膩taragnihotra峁� hutv膩 yatyatithivratibhya艣ca datv膩'thetaracche峁�abhak峁Ｄ佱弗 || ibid.,3.33.7

[7]:

kandam奴laphala艣膩kabhak峁Ｄ佱箛膩mapyevameva || ibid.,3.33.8

[8]:

The 痴腻濒补办丑颈濒测补 hermit wearing matted hair, clothed in a tattered garment or in bark, having the sun as his fire, abandoning on the day of full moon in the mouth of 碍腻谤迟迟颈办补 his abundant food, living otherwise during the remaining months should perform ascetism. 痴补颈办丑腻苍补蝉补sm膩rtas奴tra, p.189-190

[9]:

The Phenapa hermit, wearing his staff upraised, estatic, restraining himself, living on what is broken off and fallen down, performing the 颁腻苍诲谤腻测补峁嘺 penance and sleeping on the bare ground, fixing his thoughts on 狈腻谤腻测补峁嘺, searches for deliverance only. ibid., p.190