Brahma Sutras (Govinda Bhashya)
by Kusakratha das Brahmacari | 2010 | 343,161 words | ISBN-10: 8175050063
This is the English translation of the Brahma-sutras including the Govinda Bhashya commentary of Baladeva Vidyabhushana—an Indian spiritual teacher (Acharya) of the Gaudiya branch of Vaishnavam from the 18th century. This Govinda Bhasya aims to apply Vedantic principles to address universal human concerns, such as suffering and death, rather than m...
ūٰ 2.1.27
Sanskrit text, Unicode transliteration, Word-for-word and English translation of ūٰ 2.1.27:
श्रुतेस्तु शब्दमूलत्वात�
śrutestu ś岹ūٱ
śܳٱ� � from the scripture; tu � but; ś岹 � word; ūٱ � because of the root.
“But [the above defects do not apply in the case of Brahman,] because the scriptures so declare it, and the revelation of God is the root [by which we learn anything about these transcendental subjects.]� (27)
ūٰ pagination:
ⲹ 2:
No Conflict Between ձԳٲ and Other Vedic Scriptures;
岹 1:
Refutation of Opposing Views;
첹ṇa 9:
Brahman, the Operative Cause.
Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa’s commentary (Govinda-bhāṣya)
The word tu [but] removes the above doubt. The word na [not] is to be understood in this ūٰ, and is drawn from ūٰ 2.1.24. In the case of Brahman being the agent, the above imperfections do not apply.
Why do we say so? Because scripture declares it to be so, such as:
“Brahman is transcendental, inconceivable pure consciousness and yet He has a form and possesses knowledge; and though He is partless He has parts, and though He is immeasurable He is yet measured. He is the creator of all, yet unmodified Himself.�
Similarly, in Muṇḍaka 貹Ծṣa [3.1.7]:
“The Lord shines forth as great, divine and inconceivable. He appears as smaller than the smallest, He is far off as well as near, and to the discerning, He is present in the cavity of the heart.�
This text also shows the paradoxical and transcendental powers of Brahman.
Similarly, another text says:
“Lǰ Govinda is one, without parts, His form is existence, knowledge and bliss.�
In the Gopala 貹Ծṣa we read, “Though one, He shines forth as many.�
In the ṇḍܰⲹ 貹Ծṣa we find Him described as partless and yet having parts.
“He who knows the Lord as partless and yet full of an infinity of parts, as the destroyer of all false knowledge and blissful, is verily a sage and no one else; he is verily a sage and no one else.�
Similarly in the ṻDZ貹Ծṣa [2.21] we find Him described as measured though immeasurable:
“Sitting, He goes afar; resting, He moves everywhere; who other than myself is able to know that God who is the dispenser of pleasure and pain?�
So also in the Ṛg Veda [10.81.3]:
“That one God, having His eyes, faces, arms and feet everywhere, when producing heaven and earth, forges them together with His arms and His wings.�
And in Śvetāṣvatara 貹Ծṣa [4.17]
“This God is the creator of all, is the Highest Self, He is always present in the hearts of men; the wise, who know Him with concentrated mind and heart full of love, become immortal. He is the creator of all, He is in the heart of all, the source of Āٳ, omniscient, the creator of time, possessing all auspicious attributes and knowing all, He is the Lord of all matter and spirits, He is the Lord of all ṇa, He is the cause of transmigratory existence and liberation, bondage and freedom.�
“He is partless and actionless, pure and taintless, all peace. He is the supreme bridge of immortality, He is like fire that remains when all fuel is burnt.� Śvetāṣvatara 貹Ծṣa [6.19]
These texts of Śvetāṣvatara 貹Ծṣa show very distinctly that the Lord possesses powers that appear to us to be self-contradictory, and hence impossible. But in transcendental matters we must be guided by scripture and not by mere human reason.
Says an objector, “But are we to renounce our reason in favor of scripture, when there is pure contradiction such as the statement, �The fire has drenched the cloth�? Is not such a statement a logical ܰ徱ٲ?�
To this the ūٰ replies, ś岹ūٱ: �The revelation of God is the root.� The knowledge of Brahman and His attributes being founded on the revelation of scripture, and scripture alone, we have no right to say that the scriptures are illogical, even if they describe God as having attributes that seem paradoxical from a material point of view. We must accept these inconceivable attributes of Brahman, because the only proof is the words of the scripture. Nor is it altogether mysterious. We see some distant analogy in the power of modern technology to produce apparently magical effects. Just because something is inexplicable or inconceivable to our tiny brains, there is no reason to hold that it is impossible.
There are three kinds of proofs: sense perception [ٲⲹṣa], inference [ԳܳԲ] and authority or the words of the scriptures [ś岹]. In the first two cases, there is always room for error and illusion. A sensory perception may be a pure hallucination, caused by either hypnotic suggestion or a defect of the senses. Thus ٲⲹṣa or sensory experience is not absolutely reliable. Similarly, knowledge based on inference is also liable to error. We are all acquainted with the fragility of human reason. The only proof that is free from all these defects is the words of the scriptures, whether they are the words of God Himself, or those of an inspired sage or Āٲ, meaning the perfect knowledge of one who is enlightened, competent and honest. Statements like “The Lord is omnipotent� and �the soul is eternal� are always true, even though we may be unable to verify them by our blunt sense perception. The scriptures not only corroborate reason and perception; they are sometimes independent of both, and often declare that which neither reason nor perception could ever tell us.
The scriptures are the voice of God, giving us wisdom for our own benefit. As an instrument of proof, they support and corroborate perception and inference. Thus a man may have a jeweled necklace on his throat, but having forgotten it may be searching for it everywhere. But when he is told �The necklace is on your throat,� he is saved all further trouble and anxiety. So also the scripture is the only means of knowing that which cannot be known either by perception or reason, or at least, cannot be known by the perception or reason of an ordinary man. For example, the movements of the heavenly bodies and their influences have been declared to us by the expert astronomers and astrologers. Therefore the words of these persons are the only means that we have of knowing when certain astronomical phenomena, such as eclipses or the equinoxes, will take place. We consult a physician and accept his advice in matters of health, and seek the expertise of lawyers, mechanics and other specialists. Thus even in such mundane matters, the words of experts are a means of higher knowledge than our own perception or inference. All the more so in transcendental matters, where we have to depend on the testimony of seers and saints, and the highest testimony of all, the words of God or scripture.
As the Śܳپ says,
“One who does not know the Vedas cannot even think of the Supreme.�
वेदैश् � सर्वैर� अहम् एव वेद्यो
वेदान्�-कृद् वे�-विद् एव चाहम�vedaiś ca sarvair aham eva vedyo
vedānta-kṛd veda-vid eva cāham“By all the Vedas am I to be known; indeed I am the compiler of ձԳٲ, and I am the knower of the Vedas.� [-ī 15.15]
Therefore, the scripture being self-evident and self-manifest, is not open to any objections.