Essay name: Bhakti-rasayana by Madhusudana Sarasvati
Author:
Lance Edward Nelson
Affiliation: McMaster University / Religious Studies
This is a study and English translation of the Bhakti-rasayana by Madhusudana Sarasvati (16th century)—one of the greatest and most vigorous exponents of Advaita after Shankara-Acharya who was also a great devotee of Krishna. The Bhaktirasayana attempts to merge non-dualist metaphysics with the ecstatic devotion of the Bhagavata Purana, by asserting that Bhakti is the highest goal of life and by arguinng that Bhakti embodies God within the devotee's mind.
Page 216 of: Bhakti-rasayana by Madhusudana Sarasvati
216 (of 553)
External source: Shodhganga (Repository of Indian theses)
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basis for it, they had to deal with several important
problems.
How, to begin with, could the devotees enter the
realm of the divine drama? To a certain extent the solution
was obvious: by natural acts of piety such as reciting the
story, meditating on it, acting it out in religious plays,
and even, if possible, taking up residence in the place
where the events took place, where the hallowed landmarks
were yet recognizable and the memory of the divine presence
was still alive. These practices were of course adopted and
no doubt were effective. But theoretical difficulties
remained. How could the bhaktas actually realize the
emotions experienced by other persons who were actors in a
drama that was, whether temporally or metaphysically,
removed from them? And, especially perplexing, how could
men, if they wished to enjoy the bliss of the highest
bhakti, participate in the love of the female gopis for the
male character Kṛṣṇa?
Fortunately, since drama had for many centuries been
regarded in India as the highest, most comprehensive form of
art, almost identical questions had already been explored in
depth by the writers on Sanskrit aesthetics. It was
therefore natural for the Vaiṣṇava theologians to turn to
the theories of these "secular" thinkers for aid in
conceptualizing their particular imaginative and
dramatically-oriented style of devotional sadhana.
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