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Shakra, Ś, Sakra, Ś: 36 definitions

Introduction:

Shakra means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

The Sanskrit terms Ś and Ś can be transliterated into English as Sakra or Shakra, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).

Images (photo gallery)

In Hinduism

Ayurveda (science of life)

Source: Wisdom Library: Āyurveda and botany

Ś (शक्र) is a synonym for Kuṭaja (Wrightia antidysenterica, “Kurchi fruit�), from the Apocynaceae family. The term is used throughout Ayurvedic literature such as the 䲹첹ṃh. This synonym was identified by Amarasiṃha in his ś (a Sanskrit botanical thesaurus from the 4th century). Ś literally translates to “powerful one� and is an epithet for Indra (king of the devas in Vedic Hinduism).

Ayurveda book cover
context information

Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.

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Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia

Ś (शक्र).—A synonym of Indra. (See under Indra)

: archive.org: Nilamata Purana: a cultural and literary study

Ś (शक्र) is the name of a Nakṣatra mentioned in the Nīlamatapurṇa verse 784. As regards the heavenly bodies, the Nīlamata refers to the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars. The divisions of the time are also mentioned as objects of worship.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index

1a) Ś (शक्र).�(Śatakratu) a son of Aditi, and surname of Indra (s.v.); his brother Upendra;1 deceived Rji accepting him to be his son in the first instance and finally contrived to oust him from Indrahood.2

  • 1) Bhgavata-purṇa VI. 6. 39; 10. 18; Brahmṇḍa-purṇa II. 6. 11; Vyu-purṇa 30. 95, 109; 61. 30; 96. 196; 97. 23.
  • 2) Vyu-purṇa 92. 88.

1b) A son of Śoṇśva.*

  • * Matsya-purṇa 44. 79.

1c) A son of Śūra.*

  • * Vyu-purṇa 96. 137.

1d) An Āditya.*

  • * Viṣṇu-purṇa I. 15. 130.

1e) Indra;1 attended on Diti and cut the embryo in seven parts and later into forty-nine pieces; these are the Maruts;2 city of Vaśankasra;3 joined Bṛhaspati in the Trakmaya;4 father of Arjuna.5

  • 1) Viṣṇu-purṇa V. 11. 1; 29. 1; 30. 4 and 26; 34. 1.
  • 2) Ib. I. 21. 33, 40.
  • 3) Ib. II. 8. 9.
  • 4) Ib. IV. 6. 16.
  • 5) Ib. IV. 20. 40.

2) Ś (शाक्�).—Of the Yajurvedins, to be recited in rituals connected with the digging of tanks.*

  • * Matsya-purṇa 58. 35; 93. 132.
: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and places

Ś (शक्र) is a name mentioned in the Ѳٲ (cf. I.57.18, I.59.15, I.65, I.60.35) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Ѳٲ (mentioning Ś) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 śǰ첹 (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.

Purana book cover
context information

The Purana (पुरा�, purṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

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Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)

Source: Wisdom Library: Śktism

Ś (शक्र) refers to one of the 53 gods to be worshipped and given (rice boiled in milk) according to the ٳܲ岵 rite in Śaktism (cf. Śradtilaka-tantra III-V). The worship of these 53 gods happens after assigning them to one of the 64 compartment while constructing a ṇḍ貹. Vstu is the name of a prodigious demon, who was killed by 53 gods (e.g., Ś).

Ś is also mentioned as another one of the 53 gods to be worshipped in the eastern quarter.

Shaktism book cover
context information

Shakta (शाक्�, śkta) or Shaktism (śktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.

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Vastushastra (architecture)

: archive.org: Bharatiya vastu-sastra

Ś (शक्र) or Purandara is the name of an ancient teacher (峦ⲹ) of Vstuśsta (science of architecture) according to the Matsyapurṇa.—All these great teachers cannot be said to be legendary. Some used to be propagated in ancient India. No nation can flourish without its care for its material prosperity. All this technique and training and their systematic and successful teaching and transmission were of equal importance. Most of the treatises of Vstuśstra carry many of these names [i.e., Purandara], yet a good many of them are quoted as authorities, yet still others are honoured with actual passages being quoted from their works.

Vastushastra book cover
context information

Vastushastra (वास्तुशास्त्�, vstuśstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.

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Ganitashastra (Mathematics and Algebra)

: archive.org: Hindu Mathematics

Ś (शक्र) represents the number 14 (fourteen) in the “word-numeral system� (ūٲṃk), which was used in Sanskrit texts dealing with astronomy, mathematics, metrics, as well as in the dates of inscriptions and manuscripts in ancient Indian literature.—A system of expressing numbers by means of words arranged as in the place-value notation was developed and perfected in India in the early centuries of the Christian era. In this system the numerals [e.g., 14�ś] are expressed by names of things, beings or concepts, which, naturally or in accordance with the teaching of the Śstras, connote numbers.

Ganitashastra book cover
context information

Ganita (गणित) or Ganitashastra refers to the ancient Indian science of mathematics, algebra, number theory, arithmetic, etc. Closely allied with astronomy, both were commonly taught and studied in universities, even since the 1st millennium BCE. Ganita-shastra also includes ritualistic math-books such as the Shulba-sutras.

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Shilpashastra (iconography)

: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (shilpa)

Ś (शक्र) is an epithet of Indra, whose iconography is described in the Viṣṇudharmottarapurṇa, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.—According to the Viṣṇudharmottarapurṇa, the image of Ś or Indra should be golden in complexion and should wear blue garments. The statue of Ś should be placed on an elephant which have four tusks.

Shilpashastra book cover
context information

Shilpashastra (शिल्पशास्त्र, śilpaśstra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.

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Pancaratra (worship of Nryaṇa)

: archive.org: Catalogue of Pancaratra Agama Texts

1) Ś (शक्र) (=Indra, Mahendra, Śatakratu, Deveśvara) is the name of a deity for whom the Yga (“worship and offering�) is discussed in chapter 1 of the Śivartra section of the Բٰܳṃh: an encyclopedic Sanskrit text written in over 3500 verses dealing with a variety of topics such as yoga, temple-building, consecration ceremonies, initiation and dhanurveda (martial arts).—Description of the chapter [پٳ-岵]: Sanatkumra proposes to deal here briefly with پٳ󾱲岵 concerns during the bright fortnight. [...] Then follow directions for the of Ś (= Indra, Mahendra, Śatakratu, Deveśvara) (252-275a); [...]

2) Ś (शक्र) or Śmudr refers to one of the 81 Mudrs (hand-gestures) described in chapter 2 of the Ṛṣirtra section of the Բٰܳṃh: an encyclopedic Sanskrit text written in over 3500 verses dealing with a variety of topics such as yoga, temple-building, consecration ceremonies, initiation and dhanurveda (martial arts).—[Cf. the chapter ܻ-ṣaṇa].

Pancaratra book cover
context information

Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pñcartra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.

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General definition (in Hinduism)

: WikiPedia: Hinduism

Ś (सक्र): Ś is identified with the Vedic deity Indra. Ś is sometimes named as one of the twelve Ādityas.

In Buddhism

Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)

: Pali Kanon: Fundamentals of Vipassan Meditation

King of the gods:

"... In the days of the Buddha, the Sakra (King of the gods) himself had these signs appear to him..."

context information

Theravda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).

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Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Tibetan Buddhism

Ś (शक्र) refers to a group of deities summoned by the Yamntaka-mantra and mentioned as attending the teachings in the 6th century Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa: one of the largest Kriy Tantras devoted to Mañjuśrī (the Bodhisattva of wisdom) representing an encyclopedia of knowledge primarily concerned with ritualistic elements in Buddhism. The teachings in this text originate from Mañjuśrī and were taught to and by Buddha Śkyamuni in the presence of a large audience (including Ś).

: Google Books: Vajrayogini

Ś (शक्र) is another name for Indra: protector deity of the eastern cremation ground.—Indra is the king of the gods, also called Ś (Śmaśnavidhi 4) and Devendra (Guhyasamayasdhanaml). In the Śmaśnavidhi he is described mounted on his elephant, Airvata. He is white and holds a vajra (left) and skull bowl (right); in Adbhutaśmaśnlaṃkra he is said to hold a vajra (left), and make the threatening gesture, the ٲᲹīܻ (right)

Tibetan Buddhism book cover
context information

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (Բ) are collected indepently.

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Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra

Ś (शक्र) or “Ś� devnm indra� is one of the three great leaders among the gods according to the 2nd century Mahprajñpramitśstra (chapter XV). Accordingly, “Ś� devnm indra� is the leader of two classes of gods, (the Cturmahrjika and the Tryastriṃśa)�.

Also, “Ś� devnm indra� resides above ground like the Buddha; he is constantly near the Buddha; he is very famous (ⲹś) and people know him well�.

: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the Gaganagañjaparipṛcch

Ś (शक्र) refers to the “king of the gods�, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcch: the eighth chapter of the Mahsaṃnipta (a collection of Mahyna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, “The great vehicle (Բ) is made with four wheels (cakra), namely with the means of attraction, the spokes (ara) are well fitted as the roots of good have been transformed with intention, [...] it is applied with practical knowledge and wisdom (ñԲ), it is driven by an autopilot, all buddhas in ten directions think of it, it is well adorned with a lion’s throne (ṃhԲ), is praised by all the gods (deva), the king of the gods (ś), and the highest god (brahman), has good visual form that one never be satisfied with looking at (ṛpٲ-岹śԲ), is beautiful to behold (岹śīⲹ), [...]�.

: De Gruyter: A Buddhist Ritual Manual on Agriculture

Ś (शक्र) refers to the “Lord of the Devas�, according to the ղٳṇḍⲹ첹貹Ჹ, an ancient Buddhist ritual manual on agriculture from the 5th-century (or earlier), containing various instructions for the Sangha to provide agriculture-related services to laypeople including rain-making, weather control and crop protection.—Accordingly, “Now the Bhagavn was residing in the abode of Brahm. Many Deva multitudes assembled with a great assembly, multitudes of Bodhisattvas assembled; Ś, the Lord of the Devas, Brahm, Viṣṇu and Maheśvara, Nga Lords of great supernatural power, they all assembled. [...]�.

Mahayana book cover
context information

Mahayana (महायान, Բ) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many ūٰ of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñpramit ūٰ.

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In Jainism

Jain philosophy

: archive.org: Anekanta Jaya Pataka of Haribhadra Suri

Ś (शक्र) refers to the “Indra of Saudharma Devaloka� (one of the heavens according to Jamism), as used in the ԱԳٲᲹⲹ貹-첹ṇa, a Śvetmbara Jain philosophical work written by Haribhadra Sūri.—[Cf. Vol. I, P. 4, l. 3]

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General definition (in Jainism)

: archive.org: Een Kritische Studie Van ⲹūdeva’s Paümacariu

Ś (शक्र) participated in the war between and 屹ṇa, on the side of the latter, as mentioned in ⲹūdeva’s Paumacariu (Padmacarita, Paumacariya or 峾ⲹṇapurṇa) chapter 57ff. ⲹū or ⲹūdeva (8th or 9th century) was a Jain householder who probably lived in Karnataka. His work recounts the popular 峾 story as known from the older work 峾ⲹṇa (written by ī쾱). Various chapters [mentioning Ś] are dedicated to the humongous battle whose armies (known as ṣaܳṇīs) consisted of millions of soldiers, horses and elephants, etc.

: archive.org: The Jaina Iconography

Ś (शक्र) or Indra refers to one of the پ or “guardians of the quarters�, a class of deities within Jainism commonly depicted in Jaina art and iconography.—There seems to be very little difference between the descriptions of the پ Indra, as afforded both by the Śvetmbara and Digambara texts. His chief characteristics are his elephant called Airvata and his Vajra or thunderbolt. Indra is the guardian of the eastern regions and his wife is called Śacī. In one text, we shall see, later on, he has been described as possessed of thousand eyes. We can infer, therefore, that the Brahmanic conception of Indra’s having thousand eyes, is carried to Jainism. Clear identity of some features leads me also to infer that Mtaṅga, the Yakṣa of Mahvīra or Mahendra, the Yakṣa of Arantha according to the Digambaras owes largely its conception to that of Indra.

: archive.org: Trisastisalakapurusacaritra

Ś (शक्र) refers to one of the ten sons of Vasu, the son of Abhicandra (an ancient king from Śaktimatī), according , according to the Jain Ramayana and chapter 7.2 [屹ṇa’s expedition of conquest] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalkpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.

Accordingly, as Muni Nrada said to 屹ṇa: “[...] Then King Vasu, destroyed by the gods who were angered by that falsehood, went to a terrible hell. Vasu’s sons, Pṛthuvasa, Citravasu, Vsava, Ś, Vibhvasu, Viśv-vasu, and the seventh, Śūra, and the eighth, Mahśūra, seated at their father’s feet, were killed by the gods at that time from anger. The ninth son, Suvasu, fled to Ngapura and Vasu’s tenth son, Bṛhaddhvaja went to Mathur. Much ridiculed by the citizens, Parvata was banished from the city and was received by the Asura Mahkla�.

: academia.edu: Tessitori Collection I

Ś (शक्र) or Śkath refers to one of the 157 stories embedded in the ٳ峾ǻ岹 by Somacandra (narrating stories from Jain literature, based on the Karpūraprakara), which is included in the collection of manuscripts at the ‘Vincenzo Joppi� library, collected by Luigi Pio Tessitori during his visit to Rajasthan between 1914 and 1919.—The ٳ峾ǻ岹 represents a repository of 157 stories [e.g., Ś-kath] written in prose Sanskrit, although each of them is preceded by a verse. Together, they stage a large number of Jain characters (including early teachers). [...]

General definition book cover
context information

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

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India history and geography

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary

Ś.�(IE 7-1-2), ‘fourteen�. Note: ś is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

India history book cover
context information

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

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Languages of India and abroad

Marathi-English dictionary

: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

ś (शक्र).—m S A name of Indra. śdhanu n The bow of Indra, rain-bow.

: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

ś (शक्र).�m A name of indra. śdhanu n Rainbow.

context information

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

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Sanskrit dictionary

: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Ś (शक्र).—[ś-]

1) Name of Indra; एक� कृती शकुन्तेष� योऽन्य� शक्रान्न याचत� (eka� kṛtī śunteṣu yo'nya� śrnna ycate) Kuval.

2) The Arjuna tree.

3) The Kuṭaja tree.

4) An owl.

5) The asterism ज्येष्ठा (ṣṭ).

6) The number 'fourteen'.

7) Name of Śiva.

8) Lord; शक्रप्रस्थस्� शक्रेण विरुद्धोऽयमभूत� सद� (śprasthasya śreṇa viruddho'yamabhūt sad) Śiva B.9.5.

Derivable forms: ś� (शक्र�).

--- OR ---

Ś (शाक्�).�a. Relating or belonging to Indra; प्रादुश्चक्र� तत� पार्थः शाक्रमस्त्रं महारथः (prduścakre tata� prtha� śkramastra� mahratha�) Ѳٲ (Bombay) 7.93.21.

-kram The ज्येष्ठा (ṣṭ) Nakṣatra (presided over by Indra).

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary

Ś (शक्र).�m. or nt., a high number: Ҳṇḍū 105.23; corrupt for saṃkrama (Ҳṇḍū 133.4), the place of which it occupies.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Ś (शक्र).—m.

(-�) 1. Indra, the chief of the inferior gods, and ruler of Swarga or paradise. 2. A plant, (Wrightea antidysenterica.) 3. A tree, (Pentaptera arjuna.) 4. An owl. 5. The number “fourteen� E. ś to possess power, Unadi aff. rak .

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Ś (शक्र).—[ś + ra], m. 1. Indra, [峾ⲹṇa] 3, 54, 8. 2. A king(?), [峾ⲹṇa] 3, 49, 41 (cf. Gorr. n.). 3. The name of two trees, Pentaptera arjuna and Nerium antidysentericum.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Ś (शक्र).—[adjective] powerful, mighty, strong; [masculine] [Epithet] of Indra.

--- OR ---

Ś (शाक्�).—[feminine] ī belonging to Ś (Indra).

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Ś (शक्र):—[from ś] mf()n. strong, powerful, mighty (applied to various gods, but [especially] to Indra), [Ṛg-veda; Atharva-veda; Taittirīya-brhmaṇa; Lṭyyana]

2) [v.s. ...] m. Name of Indra, [Ѳٲ; Kvya literature] etc.

3) [v.s. ...] of an Āditya, [Ѳٲ; Harivaṃśa]

4) [v.s. ...] of the number ‘fourteen� [Gaṇitdhyya]

5) [v.s. ...] Wrightia Antidysenterica, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

6) [v.s. ...] Terminalia Arjuna, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

7) Ś (शाक्�):—mf(ī)n. ([from] ś) relating or belonging or sacred to or addressed to Indra, [Ѳٲ; Varha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhit; Kathsaritsgara]

8) n. the Nakṣatra Jyeṣṭh (presided over by Indra), [Varha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhit]

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Ś (शक्र):�(�) 1. m. Indra; a particular tree and plant.

: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

Ś (शक्र) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Sakka.

[Sanskrit to German]

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम� (ṃsṛt), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

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Hindi dictionary

[«𱹾dzܲ Ա»] � Shakra in Hindi glossary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary

Ś (शक्र):�(nm) Lord Indra—the king of gods.

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Kannada-English dictionary

: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

Ś (ಶಕ್ರ):�

1) [noun] Indra, the most powerful deity.

2) [noun] the tree Terminalia arjuna ( = T.glabra) of Combretaceae family.

3) [noun] the tree Wrightia zeylanica ( = W. antidysentrica) of Apocynaceae family.

4) [noun] the white colour.

5) [noun] Kṛṣṇa.

6) [noun] Yama, the God of Death and Righteousness.

7) [noun] the spurge plant Euphorbia neriifolia of Euphorbiaceae family.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

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