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Significance of Pana

Pana has diverse meanings across various texts in ancient Indian literature. In Jainism, it pertains to sizing in drinks. In Arthashastra, it serves as a currency used for fines related to societal infractions and land disputes. The Purana describes Pana as a term for gambling stakes, wages, and even wine, linking it to narratives involving demons and sages. Furthermore, it is associated with military prowess. In Dharmashastra, it denotes a unit of currency and a measure within courts, showcasing its multifaceted significance in historical contexts.1
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In Dutch: Pana; In German: Pana; In Finnish: Pana; In Spanish: Pana

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Hindu concept of 'Pana'

Hinduism Books

In Hinduism, Pana encompasses various meanings, including references to singers in Sangam literature, wine, military strength, gambling stakes, and a form of currency involved in societal fines and measurements related to court systems.

Significance in Dharmashastra (religious law):
Dharmashastra Books

From: Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi

(1) A unit of currency mentioned as the wage for the inferior servant, with details on its measurement provided later in the text.[1] (2) A unit of measure within the court system equivalent to a specific quantity of other measurements including Masha and Krishnala.[2] (3) An alternative name for a copper karsha, synonymous with karshapana.[3]

Dharmashastra contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Significance in Arthashastra (politics and welfare):
Arthashastra Books

From: Kautilya Arthashastra

(1) A form of currency or fine used to penalize women for various infractions of societal regulations.[4] (2) A form of currency mentioned in the text as a unit of fine for various offenses related to land and property disputes.[5]

Arthashastra literature concerns itself with the teachings (shastra) of economic prosperity (artha) statecraft, politics and military tactics. The term arthashastra refers to both the name of these scientific teachings, as well as the name of a Sanskrit work included in such literature. This book was written (3rd century BCE) by by Kautilya, who flourished in the 4th century BCE.

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Ramayana of Valmiki (Griffith)

(1) Panas is famed in fight, and will dare the easy enterprise and contribute to the downfall of Lanka, as described in the text.[6] (2) Panas is known for warlike fame, bringing twenty million warriors, implying military strength and a large following.[7]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Jain concept of 'Pana'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, Pana signifies a specific measurement related to beverages, highlighting its importance in rituals or practices involving drinking, thereby reflecting the values of moderation and mindful consumption within the faith.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra

(1) Refers to sizing in a specific context, notably in drinks.[8]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

The concept of Pana in local and regional sources

History Books

Pana is a term that signifies all living beings, emphasizing those who breathe, and is additionally associated with the windy humour, showcasing its broad significance in describing life and natural elements.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: History of Science in South Asia

(1) This is a term used to denote living beings in general, those who breathe, and is also the name of the windy humour.[9]

The concept of Pana in scientific sources

Science Books

Pana refers to substances or drinks in Ayurveda known for their therapeutic benefits, recognized for their specific qualities. These are traditionally prescribed to promote health and well-being, demonstrating Ayurveda's holistic approach to wellness.

Significance in Scientific journals, articles, etc.:

From: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences

(1) This acronym represents a scale utilized to assess both positive and negative feelings in individuals, evaluating aspects of their emotional states through measurement.[10]

This section includes scientific research in the field of healthcare, often involving traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Holistic health. It includes papers from scientific journals classified as either original, clinical or experimental research, review articles or case reports.