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Significance of Four species

In Jainism, the term Four species encompasses various origin classifications for aerial beings. Meanwhile, in Purana, this term is used to categorize immobile creatures, particularly focusing on vegetables. Thus, Four species represent two distinct classifications: one related to the genesis of aerial beings in Jainism and the other concerning the classification of plants as outlined in Purana.

Synonyms: Four types, Four varieties, Four kinds, Four categories, Four classifications

In Dutch: Vier soorten; In Finnish: Neljä lajia

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Hindu concept of 'Four species'

Hinduism Books

In Hinduism, the term "Four species" categorizes immobile beings, primarily focusing on vegetables. This classification highlights the significance of non-mobile life forms within the broader context of spiritual and ecological understanding.

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Mahabharata (English)

(1) Categories of living beings created by Vishnu, indicating the diverse forms of life in the universe.[1] (2) The classification of immobile creatures, specifically vegetables, as identified in the text.[2]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Jain concept of 'Four species'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, the Four Species refers to various classes of aerial beings, highlighting their different origins and classifications within the spiritual framework. This concept emphasizes the diversity of life forms and their unique characteristics.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Bhagavati-sutra (Viyaha-pannatti)

(1) Indicates the different classes from which these aerial beings can originate.[3]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.