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The title of the fourth noble truth preached by the Buddha in his sermon at Benares is the path of cessation of suffering (诲耻岣�k丑补苍颈谤辞诲丑补驳腻尘颈苍墨 pratipad). It deals with the noble eight-membered Path (腻谤测补 补峁ａ弓腻峁単补尘腻谤驳补), the culmination of a method of liberation involving an infinite number of more or less efficacious spiritual practices. The most important 鈥� among which are included the eight Path members 鈥� are designated by the name 鈥楢uxiliaries to Enlightenment鈥�, bodhipakkhika or bodhipakkhiya in 笔腻濒颈, 产辞诲丑颈辫腻办峁�i办补, 产辞诲丑颈辫补办峁�i办补, 产辞诲丑颈辫补办峁�y补 or 产辞诲丑颈辫补办峁�a dharma in Sanskrit.

Definition of the Vibh膩峁Ｄ� (T 1545, k. 96, p. 496b18鈥�21): 鈥淲hy are they called 产辞诲丑颈辫腻办峁�i办补? The two knowledges of the saint, the knowledge of the cessation of the impurities (腻蝉谤补惫补峁�a测补箩帽腻苍补) and the knowledge that they will not arise again (补苍耻迟辫腻诲补箩帽腻苍补) are given the name of Bodhi because they consist of the complete understanding of the four Truths. If a dharma is favorable to this complete understanding, it is given the name of 产辞诲丑颈辫腻办峁�i办补.鈥�

Definition of the 碍辞艣补, (VI, p. 282鈥�284): 鈥�碍峁�a测补箩帽腻苍补 and 补苍耻迟辫腻诲补箩帽腻苍补 are Bodhi which, due to the difference of the saints who attain it, is threefold: 艣谤腻惫补办补产辞诲丑颈, pratyekabodhi, anuttar膩 samyaksa峁僢odhi. Indeed, ignorance is completely abandoned (补艣别峁Ｄ乿颈诲测腻辫谤补丑腻峁嚹乼) by these two 箩帽腻苍补蝉: by means of the first, one knows truly that the task has been accomplished; by means of the second, one knows that the task will no longer have to be accomplished. Inasmuch as they are favorable to this Bodhi, thirty-seven dharmas are its auxiliaries (tadanulomyata岣� saptatri峁兣沘t tu tatpak峁Ｄ佱弗)鈥� All these auxiliaries to Bodhi are also a group of pure (补苍腻蝉谤补惫补) or impure (蝉腻蝉谤补惫补) qualities of hearing (艣谤耻迟补), reflecting (肠颈苍迟腻) and meditating (产丑腻惫补苍腻), arising from practice (辫谤腻测辞驳颈办补).鈥�

But the classical list of the thirty-seven auxiliaries to enlightenment (saptatri峁兣沘d bodhip膩k峁�ik膩dharm膩岣�) was slow in being formulated:

1. In the 狈颈办腻测补蝉 and the 膧驳补尘补蝉 the term 产辞诲丑颈辫腻办峁�i办补 dharma is rather rare and still poorly defined. The A峁単uttara, III, p. 70, 300 (cf. 痴颈产丑补峁単补, p. 244) includes among them: the guarding of the senses (颈苍诲谤颈测别峁�u 驳耻迟迟补诲惫腻谤补迟腻, sobriety (bhojane matta帽帽ut膩) and heedfulness (j膩gariy鈥� 膩nuyoga). For the 厂补峁儁耻迟迟补, V, p. 227, 239, the 产辞诲丑颈辫腻办峁�i办补 are the five spiritual faculties (indriya); for the 痴颈产丑补峁単补, p. 249, they are the seven members of enlightenment (蝉补尘产辞箩箩丑补峁単补).

2. In the Canon there is frequently a list of 37 dharmas divided into seven classes: 1) the four foundations of mindfulness (蝉尘峁泃测耻辫补蝉迟丑补苍补), 2) the four right efforts (蝉补尘测补办辫谤补诲丑腻苍补), 3) the four bases of magical powers (峁沝诲丑颈辫腻诲补), 4) the five spiritual faculties (indriya), 5) the five strengths (bala), 6) the seven members of enlightenment (蝉补峁僢辞诲丑测补峁単补 or 产辞诲丑测补峁単补), 7) the seven members of the path (尘腻谤驳腻峁単补).

Except for the Ekottar膩gama, the 狈颈办腻测补蝉 and the 膧驳补尘补蝉 do not enumerate these dharmas which are 37 in total, and do not describe them as 产辞诲丑颈辫腻办峁�i办补.

See, for example, 顿墨驳丑补, II, p. 120 (cf. Sanskrit 惭补丑腻辫补谤颈苍颈谤惫腻峁嘺, ed. Waldschmidt, p. 196, 224); 顿墨驳丑补 III, p. 102, 127; Majjhima, II, p. 238鈥�239; III, p. 296; A峁単uttara, IV, p. 125, 203; 鲍诲腻苍补, p. 56. It is the same for the 笔腻濒颈 Vinaya, II, p. 240; III, p. 93; IV, p. 26, etc. 鈥� Madhyam膩gama, T 26, k. 8, p. 476c20鈥�21; k. 9, p. 479a18鈥�19; k. 52, p. 753c6鈥�7; Sa峁儁ukt膩gama, T 99k. 2, p. 14a7鈥�8; k. 3, p. 19c5鈥�6; k, 13, p. 87c3鈥�4; k. 24, p. 176c14鈥�15; k. 26, p. 188b26鈥�27.

The Ekottarika, a late text crammed with Mah膩y膩nist interpolations, is the only 膧驳补尘补 to enumerate these dharmas and describe them as 产辞诲丑颈辫腻办峁�i办补: cf. T 125, k. 3, p. 561b20鈥�22; k. 7, p. 579c26; k. 13, p. 612a19鈥�20; k. 18, p. 635b25鈥�26; k. 26, p. 696c9; k. 40, p. 765c15.

3. Sometimes the seven classes are incorporated into a list of more than 37 dharmas, e.g., Majjhima, II, p. 11鈥�12; Anguttara, I, p. 39鈥�49; and also for the Greater Vehicle, 笔补帽肠补惫颈峁兣沘迟颈, p. 203鈥�308; 艢atas膩hasrik膩, p. 1427鈥�1439.

4. Paracanonical or postcanonical texts, whether 笔腻濒颈 or Sanskrit, the 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 and 艣腻蝉迟谤补蝉 of the Greater Vehicle list the seven classes in question, number their components and give them a name, 鈥榯he 37 产辞诲丑颈辫腻办峁�i办补 dharmas鈥�, that will remain classical.

For the 笔腻濒颈 sources, see Nettippakara峁嘺, p. 197, 261; Milinda, p. 30; Visuddhimagga, ed. Warren, p. 582鈥�583; commentaries by Buddhaghosa on the 厂补峁儁耻迟迟补, I, p. 104; II, p. 139; III, p. 136; and on the A峁単uttara, I, p. 85; II, p. 11; III, p. 56; IV, p. 111; Compendium of Philosophy, p. 179.

For the Sanskrit-Chinese sources, see an infinity of texts on the two Vehicles: Divy膩vad膩na, p. 350, 616; Avad膩na艣ataka, I, p. 340; Vibh膩峁Ｄ�, T 1545, k. 96, p. 495c27鈥�28; 碍辞艣补, VI, p. 281; Abhidharmad墨pa, p. 57 seq.; Lalitavistara, p. 9; 笔补帽肠补惫颈峁兣沘迟颈, T 223, k. 18, p. 350b9; K膩艣yapaparivarta, p. 75; Saddharmapu峁嘾., p. 458; 痴颈尘补濒补办墨谤迟颈, p. 117, 139, 144, 201鈥�202, 216, 378; S奴tr膩la峁僰膩ra, p. 140鈥�146; Madhyantavibh膩ga, p. 89鈥�94; Yog膩c膩ra产丑奴尘颈, T 1579, k. 28, p. 439c鈥�440a (for the 艣谤腻惫补办补蝉): Bodh. 产丑奴尘颈, p. 259 (for the bodhisattvas); Dharmasa峁僩raha, ch. 43; Arthavini艣caya, p. 569鈥�575; Mah膩vyut., no. 952鈥�1004.

5. As well as the classical list of 37 产辞诲丑颈辫补办峁�i办补s which is by far the most widespread, there are also aberrant lists:

a. The Nettippakara峁嘺, which notes (p. 31, 261) the list of 37, mentions (p. 112, 237) a list of 43 bodhipakkhiyas beginning with six 蝉补帽帽腻: anicca, duhkha, anatta, 辫补丑腻苍补,惫颈谤腻驳补 and nirodha蝉补帽帽腻.

b. In his commentary on the Anguttara (I, p. 85) Buddhaghosa mentions as heretical (adhamma) a list of 38 bodhipakkhiyas, consisting of 3 sati, 3 辫补诲丑腻苍补, 3 颈诲诲颈辫腻诲补, 6 indriya, 6 bala, 8 产辞箩箩丑补峁単补 and 9 尘补驳驳补峁単补.

c. According to the Vibh膩峁Ｄ� (T 545, k. 86, p. 499a14鈥�15), the Vibhajyav膩dins have a list of 41 产辞诲丑颈辫腻办峁�i办补s, by adding the four 腻谤测补va峁兣沘s 鈥樐�rya stock鈥� 鈥� being content with clothing, food and seat, and taking delight in cessation and the Path 鈥� to the 37 traditional ones.

d. According to Bhavya (M. Walleser, Die Sekten des alten Buddhismus, 1927, p. 90: A. Bareau, Trois Trait茅s, JA 1956, p. 186) place the four 补辫谤补尘腻峁嘺蝉, also called 产谤补丑尘补惫颈丑腻谤补蝉, loving-kindness, etc., among the 产辞诲丑测补峁単补s.

[In 碍辞艣补, VI, p. 281, note, de La Vall茅e Poussin comments that the Anguttara, I, p. 53, recognizes only six 产辞诲丑测补峁単补s, memory being omitted. This is wrong, for memory (蝉补迟颈蝉补峁僢辞箩箩补峁単补) is mentioned in the first line on p. 53.]