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Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for 鈥淥roan tribals of Latehar use herbal antivenom for snakebites.鈥�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Species:
The word 'species' refers to a specific group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. In the context of the study, it highlights the various types of snakes present in India, particularly those that are venomous and often associated with snakebite incidents, such as cobras and vipers.

2) Activity:
In the study of snake venom and its effects, 'activity' pertains to the biological actions exhibited by the compounds within snake venom, such as neurotoxic or hemotoxic effects. It is essential for understanding how different venoms impact the human body and how herbal formulations can mitigate these activities.

3) Water:
Water is a critical medium in the preparation of herbal remedies as noted in the study. Many traditional antivenom formulations involve dissolving powdered plant materials in water, which serves as a vehicle for administering the herbal medicines to snakebite victims, ensuring effective absorption in the body.

4) Motha:
Referring specifically to 'Cyperus rotundus,' Motha is a medicinal plant whose rhizome is recognized for its various health benefits and inclusion in traditional formulations aimed at treating snakebites. Within the study, it illustrates how local tribes utilize regional flora to address snake envenomation effectively.

5) India:
India is the geographical focus of this research, where snakebites are a significant health hazard, especially in rural regions. The study highlights the extensive use of herbal remedies among indigenous tribes for snakebite treatment, underscoring the rich cultural and medicinal heritage of the country.

6) Snake poison (Snake venom):
Snake venom is a complex mixture of proteins and enzymes used by snakes primarily for immobilizing prey or as a defense mechanism. Understanding its composition and effects is crucial in developing antidotes and acknowledges the dangerous implications snakebites have on public health, especially in rural India.

7) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological refers to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. In the context of this research, it emphasizes the importance of investigating the medicinal properties of various plant-based antivenoms and how they can counteract the harmful effects of snake venom on human physiology.

8) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli such as snake venom. The study addresses how certain herbal formulations exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, essential in reducing swelling and pain associated with snakebites, thereby improving healing and recovery in affected individuals.

9) Forest:
Forests are significant to the study as they are home to diverse snake species and the primary habitat for the tribes involved in the research. The interaction between the Oraon tribals and their rich forest environment cultivates extensive traditional knowledge of plants used for medicinal purposes.

10) Glass:
In botanical studies and pharmacological research, the term 'glass' often refers to containers used for preparing and storing herbal extracts or solutions. The study mentioned glass vessels as part of the methodology, highlighting the practical aspects of preparing traditional antivenom formulations.

11) Snake-bite:
Snake-bite is a serious health issue in rural regions of India, particularly in Jharkhand. The study explores the incidence, effects, and treatment options available through traditional herbal formulations, emphasizing the need for greater awareness and education on effective first aid treatments.

12) Edema (Oedema):
Oedema, or swelling caused by fluid retention in tissues, is a common symptom of snake envenomation. The formulations documented in the study are aimed at alleviating oedema through their anti-inflammatory properties, thus addressing one of the immediate physiological effects of snake venom.

13) Study (Studying):
The study is an ethnobotanical survey focused on documenting the traditional knowledge of the Oraon tribals regarding herbal treatments for snakebites. It aims to bridge ethnomedicine and modern scientific inquiry, validating indigenous practices and promoting their potential applications in healthcare.

14) Cyperus rotundus:
Cyperus rotundus, commonly known as Motha, is a staple in traditional medicine for its reputed antivenom properties. The inclusion of this plant in the study illustrates the tribal reliance on local flora for treating snakebites, providing insights into the effectiveness of these herbal remedies.

15) Acorus calamus:
Acorus calamus, or sweet flag, is highlighted in the study for its use in traditional formulations against snake venom. Its roots are acknowledged for pharmacological properties, making them a valuable component in antivenom treatments and showcasing the plant's role in indigenous medical practices.

16) Tori (Dhori):
Dori refers to a byproduct from the processing of Madhuca indica, commonly used in folk medicine. The study discusses its application in traditional antivenom formulations to alleviate symptoms induced by snake venoms, representing the combination of local resources and traditional knowledge in healthcare.

17) Withania somnifera:
Withania somnifera, or Ashwagandha, is universally recognized in traditional medicine for its adaptogenic properties. The study includes this plant in formulations for treating snakebites, demonstrating the integration of widely known herbal remedies in local ethnomedicine practices and their potential broader applications.

18) Ashvagandha (Asvagandha, Ashwagandha, Ashvagamdha, Ashva-gandha):
Ashwagandha is known for its restorative properties and is used in various traditional formulations. In the context of this study, it signifies the importance of integrating well-studied medicinal plants into traditional antivenom formulations, thereby enhancing their efficacy against snake venom.

19) Discussion:
The discussion section of the study highlights the findings and implications of the research, reflecting on the ethnobotanical knowledge gleaned from the Oraon tribals. It serves as a platform to analyze how traditional plant remedies function and their potential role in modern medicine.

20) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamil Nadu, referred to as Tamilnadu, is a state in southern India rich in biodiversity and cultural traditions. The study emphasizes the significance of this region for its ethno-botanical diversity, showcasing how local tribes utilize regional plant species in their healthcare practices.

21) Swelling:
Swelling is synonymous with oedema and is often a direct result of snake venom injection. The study discusses the importance of using herbal formulations that contain anti-inflammatory properties to combat swelling, facilitating healing and restoring normal function post envenomation.

22) Powder:
Powder refers to the processed state of dried medicinal plant parts, which are commonly used in traditional remedies. The study emphasizes the importance of creating powdered forms of certain plants to facilitate easier preparation and dosage of antivenom formulations administered to snakebite victims.

23) Horse:
The mention of 'horse' relates to the production of commercial antivenoms derived from equine immunoglobulins. The study contrasts the use of such animal-derived therapies with herbal formulations, highlighting the advantages of traditional remedies and their potential to reduce dependency on animal resources.

24) Table:
The table presents organized data throughout the study, documenting various ethnomedicinal formulations used by the Oraon tribals. It serves as an accessible summary of the information collected, highlighting the specific plants, methods, and dosages used in combating snakebites.

25) Tamil:
Tamil, in the context of this study, refers to the language and cultural identity present in Tamil Nadu, India. It underscores the significance of recognizing and preserving the linguistic and cultural heritage involved in traditional medicinal practices among Tamil-speaking tribal communities.

26) Nadu:
Nadu, as part of Tamil Nadu, emphasizes the regional aspect of the study, connecting the traditional practices documented within the state. It signifies the importance of local contexts in understanding the ethnobotanical relationships between communities and their surrounding environments.

27) King:
The term 'king' references the King Cobra, a notorious species known for its potent venom. The study acknowledges its presence in the region and highlights the specific dangers posed by this snake, further stressing the importance of effective antivenom treatments in rural localities.

28) Wall:
The term 'wall' likely pertains to the arrangement or separation in the container sections of the study. Its relevance underscores the need for organized, clear methodologies and results presentation, ensuring that the vital details of herbal formulation preparation are accessible and understandable.

29) Hand:
The hand is crucial in the context of applying herbal treatments to snake bites. It denotes the practical aspect of administering remedies, emphasizing how traditional knowledge involves tactile interaction with medicinal plants to provide immediate relief to snakebite victims.

30) Madhuca indica:
Madhuca indica, or Mahua, is a versatile plant used in traditional medicine. The study includes it to illustrate how its byproducts, such as Dori, play a role in local herbal formulations for treating snakebites, showcasing the importance of regional flora in ethnomedicine.

31) Piper longum:
Piper longum, or Pippali, is noted for its effectiveness in various traditional remedies. The study includes this species to demonstrate the diversity of the herbal formulations used by the Oraon tribes, highlighting its significance in enhancing the efficacy of antivenom preparations.

32) Human body:
The human body is the biological context affected by snakebites, specifically in terms of the responses to venom components. Understanding how herbal formulations interact with the human body can elucidate their antivenom potential, validated through the ethnobotanical findings of the study.

33) New Delhi:
New Delhi, the capital of India, is referenced in the study as a center for funding support from CSIR for the research, emphasizing the broad collaboration between local tribal knowledge and national scientific endeavors aimed at addressing public health challenges, such as snakebites.

34) Measurement:
Measurement pertains to the quantification of plant materials used in formulating remedies. The study discusses the precise measurements needed for effective preparation and administration of herbal solutions, underscoring the importance of accuracy in achieving desired therapeutic outcomes.

35) Swallowing:
Swallowing is a physiological process related to the ingestion of herbal remedies prepared for snakebite treatment. The study emphasizes the oral administration of various solutions, illustrating how the design of antivenom formulations is tailored for effective uptake by the human body.

36) Science (Scientific):
Scientific encompasses the methodical approach that validates the claims made about herbal formulations through research. The study aims to combine traditional knowledge with scientific investigation, ensuring that the antivenom properties of the identified plants undergo rigorous testing for efficacy and safety.

37) Knowledge:
Knowledge in the context of this study refers to the traditional wisdom of the Oraon tribals regarding their medicinal practices. It highlights the importance of documenting and preserving indigenous knowledge systems as they contribute significantly to local healthcare practices and potential modern medicine.

38) Container:
Container refers to the vessels used to hold and prepare herbal formulations. The study mentions the use of appropriate containers for mixing and storing ingredients, which is vital for maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of the herbal remedies against snakebites.

39) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses the broader practice of healing, which includes the use of both herbal remedies and conventional treatments. The study focuses on how traditional knowledge contributes to the field of medicine through effective, culturally-relevant antivenom formulations against snakebite envenomations.

40) Pippali (Pippalin):
Pippali, or Piper longum, represents an important medicinal plant featured in the study for its use in antivenom formulations. Its inclusion reflects the dependence of tribal communities on local botanical resources to combat snakebites, demonstrating the rich pharmacological potential of traditional herbalists' practices.

41) Itching:
Itching is a common symptom that may accompany snakebites, exacerbating the discomfort of the victim. The study addresses how certain herbal formulations may also include components known for their anti-itching properties, thus enhancing the overall therapeutic approach to managing envenomated patients.

42) Manika:
Manika is one of the development blocks within the Latehar district, which was the geographical focus of the study. It represents one of the locations where ethnobotanical knowledge was gathered from tribal healers regarding the use of herbal treatments for snakebites.

43) Nature:
Nature refers to the natural environment where the Oraon tribals gather medicinal plants. In this study, it highlights the relationship between the tribal communities and their ecosystem, emphasizing the role of biodiversity in supporting the traditional medicinal practices needed for snakebite treatment.

44) Summer:
Summer conditions can influence the habitat and behavior of snakes, affecting the incidence of snakebites. The study acknowledges this aspect of seasonal variations in snake activity, implying the need for continuous awareness and research into effective herbal treatments during these periods.

45) Delhi:
Delhi is mentioned as the administrative and political center of India, where crucial research support may originate. The study's reference to Delhi reinforces the connection between local ethnobotanical practices and larger governmental and scientific frameworks addressing public health challenges, such as snakebites.

46) Mahua:
Mahua, derived from Madhuca indica, is a culturally significant plant in India, used for various medicinal purposes. Featuring in the study, it underscores the importance of local plants in the formulation of traditional antivenoms derived from the practices of the Oraon tribes.

47) Field:
Field work is essential for ethnobotanical research, involving actual visits to tribal areas for data collection. In the study, it stresses the significance of firsthand interaction with tribal healers to accurately document traditional knowledge and medicinal practices related to snakebite treatments.

48) Fever:
Fever may result from snakebite responses or infections following envenomation. The investigation highlights how the herbal formulations administered can potentially help in managing fever alongside addressing the core effects of the snake venom on the human body.

49) Visit:
Visit denotes the engagement of researchers with the tribal healers during the data collection phase. It emphasizes the importance of personal interaction in understanding and documenting traditional practices for snakebite treatment, fostering trust and collaboration in ethnobotanical studies.

50) Tiger:
The reference to 'tiger' relates to the biodiversity found in the Palamau Tiger Reserve in the Jharkhand region. It symbolizes the rich ecological environment that possesses various species and underscores the interaction between wildlife and local tribes, including the risks of snakebites.

51) Ras (Rash):
Rash may appear as a side effect of snake venom toxicity. The study alludes to how specific herbal formulations might help alleviate symptoms like rash alongside the anti-inflammatory goals, showcasing the broad spectrum of treating physiological effects post-snakebite.

52) Prey:
Prey refers to the animals that snakes hunt and immobilize using their venom. In the context of this study, understanding prey dynamics informs researchers about snake behavior and habitat use, contextualizing the interactions between human populations and venomous snakes.

53) Rich (Rch):
Rich denotes the abundance of biodiversity within the forests of Latehar, where various medicinal plants grow. The study emphasizes the value of this rich ecological system in providing essential resources for the Oraon tribes in their traditional healing practices.

54) Pain:
Pain is a critical symptom associated with snakebites. The study discusses how herbal formulations aim to alleviate pain through their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, highlighting traditional methods鈥� immediate application and significance in managing snakebite consequences.