"Anti-urolithiatic Activity of Carica Papaya Root Extract in Rats"
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Anti-urolithiatic activity of methanolic extract of roots of “carica papaya’� linn in ethylene glycol induced urolithiatic rats
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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S. Vijayakumar, C. Velmurugan, P.R. Logesh kumar and SK. Shajahan
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Anti-urolithiatic activity of methanolic extract of roots of “carica papaya’� linn in ethylene glycol induced urolithiatic rats
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stone formation, is a prevalent global disorder affecting around 12% of the population, with higher recurrence rates in males compared to females. Calcium oxalate makes up the majority of these stones. The pathophysiology of stone formation in the urinary tract can vary based on location, with different mechanisms leading to kidney versus bladder stones. Current treatments for urolithiasis, which include both surgical and medical interventions, can be costly and painful. This has driven research into traditional remedies for their potential anti-urolithiatic properties. Carica papaya, commonly known as papaya, has long been used in traditional medicine for various ailments. This study investigates the antiurolithiatic effects of methanolic extracts from Carica papaya roots in an ethylene glycol-induced rat model.
Phytochemical Composition and Safety
The methanolic extract of Carica papaya roots underwent preliminary phytochemical screening, revealing the presence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and carbohydrates. Acute toxicity studies determined that the extract had a high safety margin, with no lethal effects observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. The LD50 was established at 2000 mg/kg, and effective doses for the study were set at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg.
Antiurolithiatic Activity
The antiurolithiatic activity was assessed by inducing urolithiasis in rats through the administration of ethylene glycol. Treatment groups received either a standard drug (Cystone) or varying doses of the methanolic extract. Results showed that the extract significantly enhanced urine volume and urinary pH, and reduced urinary calcium, oxalate, and phosphate levels. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid were also significantly lowered, indicating a preventive effect against renal stone formation.
Mechanistic Insights
The study suggests that Carica papaya root extract may reduce the oxalate concentration in urine, which is a major risk factor for calcium oxalate stone formation. The extract potentially inhibits oxalate synthesis, thereby lowering urinary oxalate levels and preventing stone formation. Additionally, the increased urine output observed with extract administration helps reduce urine saturation with stone-forming salts, further hindering stone formation.
Conclusion
The administration of methanolic extract of Carica papaya roots demonstrated significant antiurolithiatic activity in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiatic rats. The extract not only prevented stone formation but also improved various biochemical parameters related to urolithiasis. These findings suggest that Carica papaya roots could serve as a valuable herbal medicine for kidney stone prevention. Further research is needed to identify the active constituents responsible for this effect and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What was the primary objective of the study?
The primary objective was to evaluate the antiurolithiatic effects of the methanolic extract of Carica papaya roots in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiatic rats.
How was urolithiasis induced in the study?
Urolithiasis was induced by administering 0.75% ethylene glycol in purified drinking water to rats.
What were the main findings related to urine variables?
The methanolic extract significantly decreased the urinary concentrations of calcium, oxalate, and phosphate, reduced urinary stone formation, and increased urine pH and volume.
What impact did the extract have on serum parameters?
The extract significantly reduced serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid, with increased serum calcium levels in treated groups.
Were there any observed toxic effects of the extract?
No toxic effects were observed up to 2000 mg/kg in acute oral toxicity studies, making the extract safe for use at experimental doses.
What conclusion did the researchers draw?
The methanolic extract of Carica papaya root effectively reduced and prevented urinary stone formation in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiatic rats, indicating its potential as a valuable herbal remedy.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for �"Anti-urolithiatic Activity of Carica Papaya Root Extract in Rats"�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
Activity refers to the biological effects, specifically antiurolithatic properties, of the methanolic extract of Carica papaya roots tested in the study. The text describes how this extract can inhibit or reduce the formation of urinary stones in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiatic rats.
2) Toxicity:
Toxicity pertains to the adverse effects or potential harmfulness of a substance. In the study, acute oral toxicity studies were conducted on methanolic extract of Carica papaya roots to determine the safe dosage that does not produce lethal effects on animals.
3) Water:
Water is relevant as it is used to administer ethylene glycol to induce urolithiasis in rats; rats were given ethylene glycol mixed in water to simulate conditions for stone formation. Water serves as the control medium for testing the therapeutic effects of Carica papaya extract.
4) Krishna (Kṛṣṇ�, Kṛṣṇa):
Krishna refers to Sri Krishna Chaithanya College of Pharmacy, a key institution where the research was conducted. It denotes the affiliation of the authors, contributing to the credibility and context of the research environment.
5) Blood:
Blood is a critical biological sample used in the study to measure serum levels of calcium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and uric acid. These blood parameters help assess kidney function and the therapeutic efficacy of Carica papaya extract against urolithiasis.
6) Substance:
Substance relates to the methanolic extract derived from Carica papaya roots that was tested for its antiurolithatic activity. It signifies the experimental material whose impact on urinary stone formation was the primary focus of the study.
7) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the effects and mechanisms of drugs. In the study, it refers to the Department of Pharmacology at Sri Krishna Chaithanya College of Pharmacy, where the research on the Carica papaya root extract and its effects on urolithiasis was conducted.
8) Medicine:
Medicine in the context of this study refers to the use of Carica papaya root extract as a potential treatment for preventing or reducing urolithiasis. The text discusses the medicinal properties of the plant and suggests its use in traditional and modern therapeutic settings.
9) Salt (Salty):
Salt pertains to stone-forming salts like calcium oxalate that are critical in the discussion of nephrolithiasis. The study investigates how Carica papaya root extract affects the concentration of these salts in urine and their role in the formation of urinary stones.
10) Drug:
Drug refers to therapeutic agents like Cystone and methanolic extract of Carica papaya used in the study to compare their effectiveness in treating ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis. It denotes the substances administered to evaluate their antiurolithatic activity.
11) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulation describes the buildup of stone-forming constituents like calcium and oxalate in the kidneys. The study examines how preventive treatment with Carica papaya extract can reduce such accumulation in urolithiatic rats.
12) Discussion:
Discussion is a section in the research paper that interprets the results of the study, explaining the significance of findings related to the antiurolithatic activity of Carica papaya root extract. It provides context and reasoning for the observed effects.
13) Salivation:
Salivation is one of the direct observation parameters in acute toxicity studies. The study monitored various physiological responses like salivation to assess the safety of Carica papaya root extract when administered to experimental animals.
14) Science (Scientific):
Scientific denotes the research methodology and approach used in the study to investigate the antiurolithatic activity of Carica papaya root extract. The term underscores the empirical and systematic nature of the research conducted.
15) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid refers to one of the phytochemical constituents identified in the methanolic extract of Carica papaya roots. These compounds are known for their potential therapeutic effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
16) Reason:
Reason indicates the rationale behind using Carica papaya root extract for treating urolithiasis, discussed in the study's introduction. It justifies the experimental approach based on historical usage and preliminary evidence of medicinal properties.
17) Diet:
Diet refers to the control and experimental feeding conditions of the rats. Throughout the study, rats were fed a commercial pellet diet with water administered ad libitum to ensure consistent nutritional intake while evaluating the effects of ethylene glycol and Carica papaya extract.
18) Hand:
Hand signifies the skilled manual intervention required in the medical and surgical management of urolithiasis, as mentioned in the text. It contrasts with the less invasive, traditional remedies being investigated in the study.
19) Coma:
Coma is listed as one of the direct observation parameters in acute toxicity studies to monitor the safety of the extract. It denotes a severe adverse reaction watched for to determine the lethality and safe dosage of Carica papaya root extract.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: �"Anti-urolithiatic Activity of Carica Papaya Root Extract in Rats"�. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Carica papaya, Traditional remedies, Statistical analysis, Treatment group, Renal calculi, Animal ethical committee, Preliminary phytochemical screening, Phytochemical screening, Wound healing activity, Preventive treatment, Diuretic effect, One-way ANOVA, Calcium oxalate, Urinary pH, Stone formation, Hypolipidemic activities, Urine volume, LD50, Normal control, Antioxidant potential, Hypoglycemic activities, Active constituent, Effective dose, Acute oral toxicity, Mineral content, Uric acid, Creatinine, Kidney Stone, Uric Acid Excretion, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Preventive effect, Hyperoxaluria, Calcium level, Serum calcium level, Antiurolithiatic activity, Ethylene glycol, Anti-ulcerogenic activity, Fatty acid, Metabolic cage, Experimental diabetic rats, Calcium oxalate urolithiasis, Creatinine level.