Analytical standardization of tamra yoga
Journal name: Ayushdhara
Original article title: Analytical standardization of tamra yoga
AYUSHDHARA is an international peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on research in Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, Allopathy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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Rugmini R K*
PG Scholar final year, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, S. V. Ayurvedic College, Tirupati, A.P.,
Sridurga CH
Associate Professor and HOD, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, S. V. Ayurvedic College, Tirupati, A.P.
Venkata Subbaiah K
Research Scientist, Department of Science and Technology, PURSE centre, S V University, Tirupati, A.P.
Ayushdhara:
(A peer-reviewed, bi-monthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: Analytical standardization of tamra yoga
Year: 2017
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study presented investigates the analytical standardization of Tamra Yoga, a crucial herbo-metallic formulation recognized in the field of Ayurveda. The research emphasizes the significance of Rasa Shastra, which deals with the pharmaceutical processes involved in creating unique and effective Ayurvedic preparations. The focus is on Tamra Yoga, comprised of ingredients such as Tamra Bhasma and Chincha Kshara among others. Various modern analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and others, were employed to evaluate the formulation's safety, toxicity, and chemical composition. The findings aim to fill the existing gap in quality control profiles for Ayurvedic formulations and ensure their therapeutic efficacy.
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
X-ray diffraction (XRD) serves as a pivotal technique in characterizing crystalline compounds present in Tamra Yoga. The analysis revealed predominant peaks for KCl (Potassium Chloride) and CuS (Copper Sulphide) along with minor peaks for other compounds like HgS (Cinnabar) and NaCl (Sodium Chloride). This fingerprint characterization substantiates the crystalline nature of the active components, which is crucial for confirming their identity and potential therapeutic effects. The sharpness of the peaks indicates a high degree of crystallinity, which translates to better stability and bioavailability for therapeutic use. Additionally, the presence of these compounds reinforces the sound preparation of Tamra Yoga through the synthesis processes employed.
Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) provided important insights into the elemental composition of Tamra Yoga. The analysis confirmed the presence of several key elements, including oxygen, copper, sulphur, mercury, and potassium, which are vital for the formulation’s efficacy. The data indicated that the proportions of these elements align with the expected therapeutic properties derived from the specific ingredients. Notably, the evaluation revealed no presence of toxic heavy metals like arsenic and cadmium, highlighting the successful transformation of Tamra into a bioavailable form while mitigating potential hazards. This supports the notion that modern analytical techniques can effectively guard against the concerns associated with the toxicity of herbo-metallic formulations.
Conclusion
The study concludes that Tamra Yoga is a well-composed herbo-metallic formulation characterized predominantly by KCl and CuS. The findings also affirm that the formulation exhibits nano-sized particles, which are indicative of enhanced absorption and therapeutic efficacy. The absence of free metals or toxic substances underscores the effective transformation of raw materials into bioavailable forms, further recommending the integration of both ancient methods and modern analytical techniques for comprehensive quality assessments. Thus, this research contributes to the validation of Ayurvedic practices in contemporary medicine, ensuring safety and promotes a therapeutic approach based on rigorous scientific evidence.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Tamra Yoga and its significance in Ayurveda?
Tamra Yoga is an important herbo-metallic formulation in Ayurveda, primarily composed of Tamra Bhasma and various herbal ingredients. It is recognized for its therapeutic properties and is highlighted in ancient texts for its uses in managing various diseases.
What modern analytical techniques were used to study Tamra Yoga?
Various modern analytical techniques were employed, including X-ray diffraction, SEM, EDS, particle size analysis, Zeta potential, UV-spectroscopy, FT-IR, and ICP-OES. These methods helped assess the chemical composition, structural properties, and potential safety of Tamra Yoga.
What were the key findings from the analysis of Tamra Yoga?
The analysis revealed that Tamra Yoga contains KCl and CuS as major components, with a mean particle size of 337.9 nm, indicating quick absorption. No toxic elements were detected, suggesting successful transformation into a safe bioavailable form.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Analytical standardization of tamra yoga�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Tamra:
Tamra refers to copper, which in the context of this text, is transformed into bhasma (an ash) and used in Ayurvedic medicine, particularly in the preparation of Tamra Yoga.
2) Yoga:
Yoga in this context refers to the formulation or combination of various ingredients in Ayurveda. Tamra Yoga combines several herbs and minerals, including Tamra Bhasma, to form a potent therapeutic mixture.
3) Bhasma (Bhasman):
Bhasma is a bio-absorbable ash obtained from metals and minerals through a process involving purification and incineration. Tamra Bhasma is a key component of Tamra Yoga.
4) Kshara (Ksara):
Kshara refers to an alkaline substance. In Tamra Yoga, Chincha Kshara (alkali of tamarind rind) is used as one of the main ingredients.
5) Drug:
Drug in this study refers to the Ayurvedic formulation, Tamra Yoga, which is analyzed for its structural and chemical composition to ensure safety and efficacy.
6) Tirupati (Thirupati, Tiruppati):
Tirupati is a city in Andhra Pradesh, India, where the research and preparation of Tamra Yoga were conducted at S. V. Ayurvedic College and the Sri Srinivasa Ayurveda Pharmacy.
7) Tamrabhasma (Tamra-bhasma):
Tamrabhasma is the bio-absorbable ash of copper after undergoing various purification and incineration processes. It is a key component of Tamra Yoga.
8) Yashtimadhu (Yastimadhu, Yashti-madhu):
Yashtimadhu, or Glycyrrhiza glabra, is an herb used in Tamra Yoga, known for its therapeutic properties. It is one of the ingredients mixed with Tamra Bhasma.
9) Lavana:
Lavana refers to salt. In Tamra Yoga, Sauvarchala Lavana, a type of black salt (Unaqua Sodium Chloride), is used as an ingredient.
10) Puta:
Puta is the heating or incineration process used in Ayurveda to prepare bhasmas. Tamra Yoga undergoes Laghu Puta, a type of heating, to transform Tamra into Tamra Bhasma.
11) Trikatu (Tri-katu):
Trikatu is an Ayurvedic combination of three spices: black pepper, long pepper, and ginger. It is one of the ingredients in the Tamra Yoga formulation.
12) Hingu (Himgu):
Hingu, or Ferula foetida, is an herb used in Tamra Yoga for its medicinal properties. It is prepared into a fine powder and mixed with other ingredients.
13) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa refers to mercury in the context of Rasa Shastra, although it can also mean essence or taste in broader Ayurveda.
14) Shodhana (Sodhana):
Shodhana is the purification process in Ayurveda, crucial for preparing metals and minerals like Tamra and Parada before using them in formulations like Tamra Yoga.
15) Powder:
Powder refers to the fine particulate form in which ingredients like Yashtimadhu, Trikatu, and Hingu are used in Tamra Yoga, as well as the end product for encapsulation.
16) Rasashastra (Rasa-shastra, Rasasastra):
Rasa-shastra is the branch of Ayurveda that deals with the preparation of medicines using metals and minerals. Tamra Yoga involves principles and procedures from Rasa-shastra.
17) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine from India, focusing on a holistic approach to health. Tamra Yoga is an Ayurvedic herbo-metallic formulation.
18) Toxicity:
Toxicity in this context refers to the potential harmful effects of the metals used in Ayurvedic formulations. The research aims to ensure Tamra Yoga is safe and non-toxic.
19) Shastra (Sastra):
Shastra refers to a treatise or science. In Ayurveda, it denotes texts that outline the principles and practices of medicine, such as Rasa Shastra.
20) Nature:
Nature in this context refers to the inherent properties and behavior of the substances used in Tamra Yoga, as well as their interaction and effects.
21) Bhaishajya (Bhaisajya):
Bhaishajya refers to the science of preparing and administering medicines in Ayurveda. The Bhaishajya Kalpana department worked on the preparation of Tamra Yoga.
22) Gandhaka (Gamdhaka):
Gandhaka is sulfur, an element involved in the preparation of bhasmas. It undergoes purification in cow’s milk (Shodhana) before use in Tamra Yoga.
23) Kalpana:
Kalpana refers to the formulation and preparation techniques in Ayurveda. Bhaishajya Kalpana is the department that oversees the preparation of formulations like Tamra Yoga.
24) Parada:
Parada is mercury, purified and combined with Gandhaka to create Kajjali, which is then used in further processes to produce Tamra Bhasma for Tamra Yoga.
25) Laghu:
Laghu Puta refers to a specific type of mild heating process in Ayurveda. It is used multiple times in the preparation of Tamra Bhasma for Tamra Yoga.
26) India:
India is the country where this research and traditional Ayurvedic practices take place, specifically in areas like Tirupati and Vijayawada.
27) Salt (Salty):
Salt in the context of Tamra Yoga refers to Sauvarchala Lavana, an ingredient that adds therapeutic properties to the formulation.
28) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transformation in Ayurveda refers to the conversion of raw metals into bioavailable forms like Bhasma. Tamra undergoes transformation into Tamra Bhasma for therapeutic use.
29) Tamrapatra (Tamra-patra):
Tamra-patra refers to copper sheets, which undergo Shodhana (purification) and Marana (incineration) processes to transform into Tamra Bhasma.
30) Science (Scientific):
Scientific refers to modern analytical techniques used to verify the safety, efficacy, and structural composition of Tamra Yoga, such as XRD, SEM, and ICP-OES.
31) Shrinivasa (Shri-nivasa, Srinivasa):
Srinivasa refers to the Sri Srinivasa Ayurveda Pharmacy, where ingredients and some procedures for preparing Tamra Yoga were conducted.
32) Pariksha (Pariksa):
Pariksha refers to tests in Ayurveda used to evaluate the quality of Bhasma. Various tests confirmed Tamra Bhasma met the required standards.
33) Samgraha (Sangraha):
Sangraha refers to a collection or compendium. Tamra Yoga is mentioned in the Rasa Tantra Sara Va Siddha Prayoga Sangraha, an Ayurvedic text.
34) Kajjali:
Kajjali is a black powder formed by triturating purified mercury and sulfur. It is used in the preparation of Tamra Bhasma for Tamra Yoga.
35) Bhavana (Bha-vana):
Bhavana is the process of triturating or wet-grinding herbs or minerals in their juice or liquid medium. It's part of the preparation methods for Tamra Yoga.
36) Sharava (Sarava):
Sharava refers to earthenware containers used in the Ayurvedic process of Sharava Samputikarana, where materials are incinerated.
37) Gomutra (Go-mutra):
Gomutra is cow's urine used in the purification process (Shodhana) of Tamra in Ayurveda. It is used for swedana (boiling) in Tamra Yoga preparation.
38) Mineral:
Mineral refers to inorganic elements like copper and sulfur used in Ayurvedic formulations, which undergo purification and transformation into bioavailable forms like Bhasma.
39) Tantra (Tamtra, Tantrism):
Tantra refers to a systematic way of doing something or a treatise in Ayurveda. Rasa Tantra is the science dealing with mercury and metals.
40) Yantra (Yamtra):
Yantra is an instrument or device. Dola-yantra is used for swedana during the Shodhana of Tamra. It ensures proper heating and transformation.
41) Siddha:
Siddha denotes attainment or perfection. It is part of the name of the text Rasa Tantra Sara Va Siddha Prayoga Sangraha, indicating a perfected or comprehensive collection.
42) Marana:
Marana is the incineration process in Ayurveda used to transform metals into bhasma. Tamra undergoes Marana as part of its transformation into Tamra Bhasma.
43) Kumari:
Kumari refers to Aloe Vera. Its juice (swarasa) is used in the Amrutikarana process for Tamra Bhasma, enhancing its therapeutic properties.
44) Patra:
Patra means leaf or plate. Tamra Patra are copper plates used in their raw form, which undergo various purification and transformation processes to become Tamra Bhasma.
45) Amla:
Amla Pareeksha is an Ayurvedic test where bhasma is sprinkled over curd or sour substances to check for quality through color change observation.
46) Sara (Shara):
Sara means essence or essential. Rasa Tantra Sara signifies the essence of knowledge in the science dealing with mercury and metal-based formulations.
47) Glycyrrhiza glabra:
Glycyrrhiza glabra is the botanical name for Yashtimadhu, an herb used in Tamra Yoga for its medicinal properties.
48) Ksharatraya (Ksaratraya, Kshara-traya):
Kshara-traya refers to three types of alkalis used in Shodhana (purification) of Parada. They are Sarja Kshara, Yava Kshara, and Tankana.
49) Dolayantra (Dola-yantra, Dolayamtra):
Dola-yantra is an Ayurvedic device used for Swedana (boiling), particularly in the Shodhana process to purify metals like Tamra using cow’s urine (Gomutra).
50) Vijayawada (Vijayavada, Vijaya-vada):
Vijayawada is a city in Andhra Pradesh, India, where some raw materials for Tamra Yoga like Parada, Gandhaka, and Tamra were sourced.
51) Yavakshara (Yava-kshara, Yavaksara):
Yavakshara is an alkali derived from barley, used as part of Kshara-traya in the Shodhana (purification) of Parada in Ayurvedic preparations.
52) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the section where the results and implications of the various analytical tests on Tamra Yoga are deliberated, ensuring its safety and efficacy.
53) Prakarana:
Prakarana in this context refers to a chapter or section. Prathama Khanda � Bhasma Prakarana refers to the section of the text where Tamra Yoga is mentioned.
54) Knowledge:
Knowledge gained from analytical studies helps in understanding the identity, composition, and safety of Ayurvedic formulations like Tamra Yoga.
55) Substance:
Substance refers to the various ingredients and their combined formulation in Tamra Yoga, including their chemical and structural characteristics.
56) Kulattha:
Kulattha refers to horse gram, used in Ayurvedic purification processes to transform metals into their bhasma form.
57) Prathama:
Prathama means first. Prathama Khanda � Bhasma Prakarana refers to the first section of the text discussing bhasmas, including Tamra Yoga.
58) Bharjana:
Bharjana refers to the roasting process. Hingu Bharjana is a step where Ferula foetida is roasted as part of its preparation for Tamra Yoga.
59) Medicine:
Medicine in this context refers to Ayurvedic formulations like Tamra Yoga, which are standardized using modern scientific techniques to ensure efficacy and safety.
60) Vomiting:
Vomiting is tested for in the Avami Pariksha, ensuring that ingestion of the bhasma does not cause adverse effects like nausea or vomiting.
61) Mardana:
Mardana refers to the grinding or trituration process. It is used in the Shodhana of Parada with Kshara-traya and in the preparation of Kajjali.
62) Mandura (Mamdura):
Mandura Bhasma is another metallic ash used in Ayurveda. The text mentions analytical methods that can also apply to other bhasmas like Mandura.
63) Pippali (Pippalin):
Pippali, or long pepper, is one-third of Trikatu. It is used in Tamra Yoga to enhance the formulation's therapeutic properties.
64) Samanya:
Samanya Shodhana refers to general purification processes applicable to metals like Tamra before it undergoes specific processing stages.
65) Venkata (Vemkata):
Venkata Subbaiah K. is one of the authors and a research scientist involved in the study of Tamra Yoga, emphasizing the scientific aspect of Ayurvedic analysis.
66) Aranala:
Aranala is a sour fermented liquid used in the Samanya Shodhana (general purification) of Tamra to prepare it for further steps in the creation of Tamra Bhasma.
67) Nirvapa:
Nirvapa is the process of heating and then quenching metals in liquids during Shodhana. It was used to purify Tamra in different media.
68) Tankana (Tamkana):
Tankana, or borax, is used as part of the Kshara-traya. It helps in the purification (Shodhana) of Parada used in Ayurvedic formulation.
69) Disease:
Disease refers to the conditions or ailments that Ayurvedic formulations like Tamra Yoga aim to manage or cure, validating their therapeutic efficacy through standardized practices.
70) Dravya:
Dravya refers to substances or ingredients used in Ayurvedic preparations. Various dravyas in Tamra Yoga include herbs and minerals with therapeutic properties.
71) Mahila:
Mahila refers to women. Padmavathi Mahila University is where some of the modern analytical experiments on Tamra Yoga, such as FTIR, were conducted.
72) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra Pradesh is an Indian state where the study and preparation of Tamra Yoga was conducted, primarily in cities like Tirupati and Vijayawada.
73) Nausea:
Nausea is tested for as part of Avami Pareeksha to ensure that consuming Tamra Bhasma does not produce any adverse gastrointestinal effects.
74) Debate:
Debate here pertains to the discussion around the safety and efficacy of metal-containing bhasmas like Tamra Bhasma, addressing concerns with modern analytical validations.
75) Khanda (Khamda):
Khanda means section or part. Prathama Khanda � Bhasma Prakarana refers to the specific section discussing bhasmas, such as Tamra Yoga, in Ayurvedic texts.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 91]
Other Science Concepts:
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Bhasma, Rasashastra, Particle size analysis, Pharmaceutical procedure, Zeta potential, UV-Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Modern Analytical Parameters, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Analytical standardization, Inductively Coupled Plasma � Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).