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It is commonly accepted that ancient and ritualistic meditation is time bound; the question of time with relation to 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补 is a highly debated one. Prek峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补 is a perception-based meditation, with its roots in the canonical dictum 鈥�samppikkhae appagamappae峁嘺峁�鈥� i.e. see yourself through yourself. This 蝉奴迟谤补 is taken from the 顿补艣惫补颈办腻濒颈办补-肠耻濒颈办腻, which is a later added appendix to 顿补艣惫补颈办腻濒颈办补-蝉奴迟谤补. This verse focuses on self-introspection. An ascetic should perform self-introspection on their own faults and transgressions (补迟颈肠腻谤补) in the first part and the last quarter (prahara) of the night. In this case, introspection has been denoted as meditation. This model of meditation on the first and last prahara is different from the model of 鲍迟迟补谤腻诲丑测补测补苍补-蝉奴迟谤补. In 鲍迟迟补谤腻诲丑测补测补苍补-蝉奴迟谤补 it is documented that the second prahara of the day and night is dedicated to meditation^[1]; however this is not practised today, as Fl眉gel (2012: 286鈥�295) has shown.^[2] It seems that the 鲍迟迟补谤腻诲丑测补测补苍补-蝉奴迟谤补 -model is plausibly the way of life of the jina (jina-kalpa), contrary to the asceticism of the elders (sthavira-kalpa). The meditation performed in the first (purva) and the last (apara) quarter of the night is common and is a part of ritualistic 辫谤补迟颈办谤补尘补峁嘺. During 辫谤补迟颈办谤补尘补峁嘺, an ascetic analyses his/her activities of the day and night. In this context, 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补 can be seen as a third model which is different from the time bound practice of jina-kalpa and sthavira-kalpa.

Some aspects of meditation continued to be ritualistic for monastics. However, 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补 was presented as a practice in its own entirety, as a part of modernisation and increased accessibility to Jaina and non-Jaina lay communities, without being a part of the old rituals.

Conversely, 辫谤别办峁Ｄ�-诲丑测腻苍补 has no time constraints unlike the aforementioned two canonical models meaning that one is able to choose its duration; nor is it bound to a certain time of day, offering opportunities for it to be practised by the laity as well as ascetic community at intervals to suit their modern lifestyles. This is a big impact of modernisation, to tailor the package in order to suit a modern hectic life style. Otherwise, all ritualistic meditations are kept strictly within a timeframe. If one cannot perform them in a time limit, one has to take atonement (辫谤腻测补艣肠颈迟迟补).