Essay name: Paumacariya (critical study)
Author:
K. R. Chandra
Affiliation: Research institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa Vaishali
This is a critical study of the Paumacariya: the earliest Jain version of Rama's life story, written in Prakrit by Vimalasuri dating to the 4th century AD. In this text, Rama (referred to as Padma) is depicted with lotus-like eyes and a blooming face. The Paumacariya places emphasis on the human aspects of characters rooted in Jain values, contrasting with the divine portrayal in Valmiki鈥檚 version.
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LITERARY EVALUATION Conditional Mood 571 At a few places Conditional Mood is observed. It is formed by
applying the persent participle to the verb and then by changing it to
the gender of the subject :-
啶溹 啶膏 啶啶｀ 啶す啶啶ぞ, 啶忇え啷嵿い啷� 啶侧啶曕ぞ啶灌た啶掂ぎ啷嵿ぎ啶� 啶溹啶掂え啷嵿い啷� 啷�
啶む 啶侧啷嵿啶｀じ啷嵿じ 啶啶�, 啶灌啶ㄠ啶む 啶膏す 啶班啷嵿啶膏た啶ㄠ啶︵啶｀ 啷むイ 啷カ啷むエ啷� 啷むイ
啶溹 啶灌 啶膏ぎ啶距す啷�啶� 啶むい啷嵿ぅ 啶ぐ啶ㄠ啶むた 啶す啶距さ啶｀ 啶о啶班 啷�
啶む 啶む啶啶� 啶曕た啶� 啶� 啶膏た啶︵啶о, 啶灌啶ㄠ啶む 啶す啶距う啷嬥啷嵿啶囙啶班じ啷嵿じ 啷むイ 啷оウ啷оイ啷┼ォ啷�
[jai so mu峁嚹� mahapp膩, ento la峁僰膩hivammi j墨vante |
to lakkha峁嘺ssa p墨墨, hont墨 saha rakkhasinde峁嘺峁� || 75|24 ||
jai ha峁� sam膩h墨e tattha maranti mah膩va峁噀 dhore |
to tubbha ki峁� va siddha峁�, honta峁� mah膩doggaikarassa || 101|33||
] See also 100.36 and
102.5. Such forms are permitted by
Hemaandra ( 8.3.180). In the Ava艣yakacurni, too, we observe such
formations. Compare with Hindi --
"啶侧啶曕ぞ啶оた啶い啶� 啶曕 啶溹啶む 啶う啶� 啶掂す 啶啶ㄠた 啶す啶距い啷嵿ぎ啶� 啶嗋い啷� 啶む 啶侧啷嵿し啷嵿ぎ啶� 啶曕 啶班ぞ啶曕啶粪じ啷囙え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ
啶曕 啶膏ぞ啶� 啶啶班啶むた ( 啶灌 啶椸 ) 啶灌啶む, 啶う啶� 啶啶� 啶掂す啶距 啶ぐ啶む 啶む 啶む啶啶灌 啶曕啶ぞ 啶膏た啶︵啶� 啶灌啶むぞ [la峁僰膩dhipati ke j墨te yadi vaha muni mah膩tm膩 膩te to lak峁a峁嘺 k墨 r膩k峁sendra
ke s膩tha pr墨ti ( ho ga墨 ) hot墨, yadi mai峁� vah膩峁� marat墨 to tumhe ky膩 siddha hot膩] ".
脕迟尘补苍别辫补诲补
In the passive voice Parasmaipada terminations are generally
appended. Some examples of Atmanepada terminations can be
observed:-
啶班啶苦啷嵿啶ㄠ啶む 啷イ啷ェ, 啶曕ぞ啶班た啶溹啶溹え啷嵿い啷� 啷оェ啷イ啷�, 啶夃さ啶椸た啶溹啶溹え啷嵿い啷� 啷オ 啷� 啷┼ガ.
[rakhijjante 4|61, k膩rijjante 118|5, uvagijjante 64 | 36.
] In the active voice a few survivals of Atmanepeda can be
observed :鈥�
啶掂啷嵿啶� ( 啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啷嵿い啶む ) 啷オ [va峁弓ae ( varttate ) 74 ] /啷┼ガ, 啶啶氞啶涏 ( 啶啶班啶曕啶粪い啷� ) 啷оオ 啷� 啷оウ啷�, 啶氞た啶熰啶犩 ( 啶むた啶粪啶犩い啷�) 啷┼イ啷оェ啷�,
啶啶灌じ啷� (啶 啶氞た啶粪啶� 啶膏 啷オ [36, pecchae ( prek峁te ) 14 | 106, ci峁弓hae ( ti峁ａ弓hate) 3|113,
muhase (mu ci峁a se 64 ] / 啷ガ ).
[66 ).
] There are a few examples of Parasmaipada roots taking 膧tmane-
pada terminations:-
啶啶氞啶� (啶啶氞啶涏ぞ啶た ) 啷ギ啷むエ啷�, 啶多啶班ぞ啶椸ぎ啶苦じ啷嵿じ啷� ( 啶多啶班ぞ啶椸ぎ啶苦し啷嵿く啶距ぎ啶�) 啷┼ェ啷むェ啷︵ウ.
[puccha (p峁沜ch膩mi ) 78|23, 艣r膩gamisse ( 艣r膩gami峁膩mi) 31|100.
] According to Pischel (457) Atmanepada in large number is a
trait of JM.
Participles
---
Pres. Act. 啶ㄠ啶�--啶た啶え啷嵿い 啷оウ啷イ啷┼ギ, 啶啶班ぃ啷佮す啷嬥え啷嵿い 啷оェ啷� [nta--piyanta 106|38, pra峁噓honta 118] /啷� [3 ] ; 啶ぞ啶� - 啶曕啶｀ぎ啶距ぃ 啷┼ギ啷むオ啷�
[m膩峁嘺 - ku峁嘺m膩峁嘺 38|42
] Pres. Pass. 啶ㄠ啶�- 啶班啷嵿啶苦啷嵿啶ㄠ啶� 啷イ啷ェ, 啶膏啶ぐ啶苦啷嵿啶ㄠ啶� 啷オ 啷� 啷ㄠカ [nta- rakkhijjanta 4|61, sumarijjanta 74 | 25 ] ; 啶ぞ啶� 鈥� 啶灌ぎ啷嵿ぎ啶ぞ啶� 啷� 啷� 啷ォ
[m膩峁嘺 鈥� hammam膩峁嘺 4 | 83
] Also 啶涏た啶ㄠ啶ㄠえ啷嵿い [chinnanta ] for 啶涏た啶ㄠ啶︵え啷嵿い 啷оェ啷むエ啷�
[chindanta 11|24
] Past Pass. 啶�--啶� 啶曕く 啷оイ啷оカ, 啶囙い - 啶囙え 啶ぐ啶苦ぎ啶灌た啶� 啷оェ,
[ta--a kaya 1|15, ita - ina parimahiya 11,
] Some other forms : - 啶︵た啶ㄠ啶� 啷� [dinna 1] /啷ウ, 啶侧う啷嵿ぇ 啷оキ, 啶嗋う啶む啶� 啷ㄠギ|啷�
啶侧啶∴た啶む啶� 啷┼ウ [40, laddha 17, 膩datta 28|6
lu岣峣tra 30] /啷エ
[62
]
