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Essay name: Paumacariya (critical study)

Author: K. R. Chandra
Affiliation: Research institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa Vaishali

This is a critical study of the Paumacariya: the earliest Jain version of Rama's life story, written in Prakrit by Vimalasuri dating to the 4th century AD. In this text, Rama (referred to as Padma) is depicted with lotus-like eyes and a blooming face. The Paumacariya places emphasis on the human aspects of characters rooted in Jain values, contrasting with the divine portrayal in Valmiki’s version.

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84
A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYA�
to Lankāpuri by Rāvaṇa. Hanumat requests Sītā to accompany him
to Kiṣkindhipura on his shoulders (äruhasu majjha khandhe 53.60) but
Sītā declines to touch any other person's body (53.61a). She confides
the following episodes¹ of her life to Hanumat so that the latter should
refer to these in his conversation with Rāma and make him believe that
he actually met Sītā: (i) homage paid by them to the Caraṇamunis,
(ii) subduing the wild elephant by Rāma in the Padmasara², (iii)
embracing Candanalatā by Rāma, (iv) sportively beating of Sitā
by Rama with the stalk of a lotus, (v) explaining of the Nandidrumas
to her by Rāma, (vi) hospitality extended by them to the sages on
the bank of the Karṇarava and on the same occasion obtaining
of the Cuḍāmaṇi at the time of the supernatural occurrings. After
narrating these episodes she gives her braid-jewel to Hanumat and
advises him to depart before Rāvana puts any impediment (53.63-72)
before him.
In the VR there is a reference to the weakness of Sītā on account
of her observing fast 'Upavāsa' (VR, 5.15.19) but there is no reference
to the request by Hanumat to take food. Here Hanumat requests Sītā
to take her on his back' 'upāroha mama pṛṣṭham 5.37.31) but Sītā
refuses on the same ground (5.37.62). She is further said to have told
that she would not be able to withstand the speed of Hanumat and she
might fall in the sea or she might be put to further difficulties on being
chased by the Rākṣasas. Further for her genuineness Sītā confides some
episodes to Hanumat to be conveyed to Rāma and also hands over her
'Cuḍāmaṇi' (5.38.66). Here the private incidents referred to differ
from those of the PCV. They are, viz. the kāka vṛttānta (5.38, 5.40,4),
on her cheeks by
and the application of the manaḥśīlā-tilaka
Rāma (5.40.5).
commission
According to the TR, Hanumat expresses his inability to take
her to Rama without Rāma's
to that effect (5. 16).
Hanumat again meets Sītā after burning the city of Lanka and receives
her braid-jewel. She for the confidence of Rama narrates the 'Sakrasuta-
kathā' (5. 277) i. e. the kāka-vṛttānta to Hanumat.
1. Sahinṇāṇesu puno, imesu vayaṇesu visāttho 53.64.
2. Bhavabhuti's Uttararāmacārita (Anka.3) refers to Sita's alarm when an elephant
who was nurtured by her, is attacked by an agitated elephant in the river.
She requests Rāma to save the elephant in trouble. This episode has some
basic similarity with that of the PCV.
3. The text does not refer to the Cuḍāmaṇi on that occasion. It was given by
Yakga Potana when they started from Ramapuri (See Sec. 4C).
4. In the Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇa the request is made to climb his shoulders (me
skandha-māroha 5.5.6) as in the PCV. In the Ananda Rāmāyaṇa also (1.9.277).

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