The 'amr of god' in the Koran
Journal name: Acta Orientalia
Original article title: The 'amr of god' in the Koran
ACTA ORIENTALIA is a journal focused on the study of Oriental languages, history, archaeology, and religions from ancient times to the present. The journal includes articles reviewed by a senior scholar in the relevant field.
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J. M. S. Baljon
Acta Orientalia:
(Founded in 1922 and published annually)
Full text available for: The 'amr of god' in the Koran
Year: 1958 | Doi: 10.5617/ao.5304
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
The concept of 'amr' in the Koran, commonly translated as command or order, has been the subject of extensive analysis and differing interpretations over the years. Early scholars like H. Grimme suggested that it closely parallels the term 'memra' in Judeo-Christian writings, viewing it as a manifestation of God's Word with a spiritual essence. This notion of 'amr' has since been discussed in various ways, with some scholars asserting that it bears superficial similarities to the Logos idea found in Christian texts, while others urge a more cautious understanding. Through an examination of the term as it appears within the Koran, this article seeks to clarify its meanings and implications.
2) The Multifaceted Nature of 'Amr'
One of the key aspects of 'amr' is its multifunctionality within the Koranic text, occurring 152 times in singular form and 13 in plural. Its meanings shift depending on context; it can represent a command from God to individuals, refer to one's affairs or intentions, denote actions or conduct, and even indicate religious rites. Importantly, 'amr' encapsulates aspects of divine guidance, judgment, and providential rule. For instance, in certain passages, 'amr' is synonymous with God's grace and guidance for the righteous, while in others, it reflects divine judgment against the sinful. This dual understanding reveals 'amr' as not simply a command but as a complex interplay of divine interaction with humanity.
3) The Relationship between 'Amr' and Divine Providence
The discourse surrounding 'amr' also emphasizes its role in God's providential government of the universe. The Koran describes God as ascending His throne to arrange the amr, indicating that it involves the ongoing maintenance and order of creation. 'Amr' signifies the continuous nature of divine intervention, linking creation with cosmic order. Notably, it is mentioned that angels assist God in executing His amr, which further highlights the active celestial involvement in divine plans. This perspective suggests that 'amr' embodies not merely isolated commands but rather an orderly and purposeful unfolding of divine will and governance throughout the cosmos.
4) Comparative Analysis with Ancient Arabian Poetry and the Old Testament
The exploration of 'amr' extends beyond the Koran itself to similar expressions found in Ancient Arabian poetry and the Old Testament. Parallels in Arabic poetry portray 'amr' in contexts that mirror Koranic themes, particularly relating to divine governance exercised through angels. Furthermore, striking similarities exist between the Koranic 'amr' and the Hebrew term 'esâ,' which represents divine counsel or plans. Despite varying in their expression, these terms collectively reflect deep themes of providence, moral judgment, and divine direction, illustrating how the Koranic concept might be inspired by or perceived alongside earlier traditions while establishing its distinctive assertions.
5) Conclusion
In summary, the notion of 'amr' within the Koran serves as a sophisticated and multifaceted term that transcends the simplistic translation of command or decree. Rather, it encompasses a richer tapestry of meanings, reflecting divine guidance, judgment, and the ordered interplay of the cosmos as governed by God's will. By examining its use within the Koran, alongside parallels from ancient poetry and the Old Testament, one gains a deeper understanding of 'amr' as emblematic of God's continuous involvement in human affairs and the unfolding of divine providence. The analysis encourages a reevaluation of simplistic interpretations in favor of recognizing 'amr' as integral to the narrative of creation and moral accountability found within the Islamic worldview.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What does 'amr' mean in the Koran?
'Amr' in the Koran primarily means command or decree, but it can also signify guidance, providential rule, divine judgment, and other related concepts, indicating God's governance over the universe.
How is 'amr' typically used in the Koran?
'Amr' appears in various contexts, such as divine command, affairs, intentions, deeds, and religious rites, indicating its multifaceted nature as encompassing God's will and guidance.
What is the significance of 'amr Ulláh'?
'Amr Ulláh' generally translates to 'command of God,' reflecting God's intention and governance in the world, often associated with divine guidance and favor.
Is 'amr' related to concepts from other traditions?
Scholars draw parallels between 'amr' and concepts like 'memra' from Targumim, but interpretations differ. The Koran's notions focus on monotheism and divine will.
How does angelic participation relate to 'amr'?
Angels are depicted as intermediaries in executing God's 'amr,' assisting in divine decrees and recording human deeds for judgment, emphasizing a structured divine governance.
What parallels exist between 'amr' in the Koran and other texts?
Parallels can be found in ancient Arabian poetry and the Old Testament, where concepts of divine guidance and providence are similarly expressed, though the contexts vary.
Glossary definitions and references:
Oriental and Historical glossary list for “The 'amr of god' in the Koran�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of History, Linguistics, Religion, Philosophy, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism etc.
1) Heaven:
In the context of the Koran, Heaven signifies the celestial realm created by God, serving as a backdrop for divine commands and the execution of God's amr. It interacts with the Earth through God's governance and serves as a metaphor for spiritual elevation and the eternal reward for the virtuous.
2) Earth:
Earth in the Koranic context represents the terrestrial realm where humans live and are accountable for their actions. It operates under God’s amr, which sustains life and manifests divine judgment. Earth is the stage for human choices determining their afterlife experience, emphasizing the divine connection between God and creation.
3) Night:
Night in the Koran symbolizes introspection and judgment, particularly during significant events like the night of qadr, where angels descend to enact God’s amr. It often serves as a metaphor for the unknown and the transition between phases of existence, highlighting the importance of divine revelation and guidance.
4) Universe:
The Koran frames the universe as a structured creation under God's amr, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all existence. The universe is portrayed as governed through divine wisdom, where celestial bodies and earthly events reflect God's sovereignty and providential rule, linking the material and spiritual realms.
5) Poetry (Poetic, Poetical):
Poetry in the Koranic context echoes the richness of Arabic oral tradition, delivering profound meanings and spiritual truths. The reliance on poetic expression underscores the importance of eloquence in conveying divine messages while intertwining cultural heritage with theological ideas, allowing poets to engage with the concept of God's amr.
6) Mind:
In the Koranic framework, the mind signifies the capacity for understanding, reflection, and discernment of God's commands. It becomes instrumental in interpreting amr, making individual accountability crucial. The development of the mind enables true faith, guiding individuals toward righteous conduct and fulfillment of divine expectations.
7) Creation:
Creation in the Koran encompasses the entirety of existence, initiated by God's word and continuing through His amr. It underscores a purposeful act reflecting divine intentions, where each element is crafted with wisdom. Creation represents an ongoing process of divine governance, where the universe operates under God's will.
8) Doctrine:
Doctrine in this context refers to the established beliefs and practices derived from revealed knowledge, guiding followers toward understanding God's amr. It shapes theological principles and moral conduct within the community, serving as foundational teachings that influence worship, law, and daily life in accordance with divine will.
9) Destiny:
Destiny in the Koran conveys the predetermined path laid out by God’s amr for every individual and creation. It highlights the theological belief in divine providence, illustrating that while humans have free will, their ultimate fates are guided by God’s overarching plans, emphasizing reliance on divine wisdom.
10) Servant:
A servant in the Koran represents a servant of God, underscoring humility and submission to divine will. This relationship is central to fulfilling God's commands (amr) and living a life aligned with spiritual and moral responsibilities, recognizing one's servitude as pivotal in the framework of faith and worship.
11) Throne:
The Throne in the Koran symbolizes God's sovereignty and authority over creation. It signifies the ultimate power from which God governs the universe, directing the unfolding of amr. The imagery emphasizes the grandeur of divine rule, reinforcing the notion of God's omniscience and supreme governance in all matters.
12) Poem:
A poem signifies the artistic expression of spiritual truths and societal norms. In the Koran, poetic forms convey revelations and moral teachings. This artistic framework enhances the impact of divine messages, allowing for emotional resonance and deeper understanding, linking praise of God with cultural identity and heritage.
13) New Year:
The New Year symbolizes renewal and reflection on divine decrees and the unfolding of amr. It holds significance in religious observance and piety, offering an opportunity for believers to recommit to faith, evaluate past actions, and seek guidance for the future within the context of God's plans.
14) Communication (Communicate, Communicated, Communicating):
Communication in the context of the Koran refers to the transmission of divine messages and amr. It highlights the importance of conveying spiritual truths and ethical guidance through revelations. Effective communication is essential for fostering understanding, building communal bonds, and maintaining adherence to faith principles among believers.
15) Theology:
Theology within the Koran encompasses the study of God's nature, attributes, and relationship with creation. It provides a framework for understanding divine will and the moral and ethical implications of God's amr. This discourse shapes beliefs, guiding followers in their worship and understanding of faith in their lives.
16) Religion:
Religion in the Koran represents the system of beliefs, practices, and ethical guidelines ordained by God. It is a means for humans to connect with the divine through worship, adherence to amr, and moral conduct. Religion serves as a framework for community identity and spiritual fulfillment.
17) Make-up:
Make-up refers to the process of creation and order established by God through His amr. It signifies the arrangement of the universe and the laws governing existence. The term encompasses the divine planning that ensures the functioning of creation, reflecting God's wisdom and purpose.
18) Wisdom:
Wisdom in the Koran embodies God's knowledge and understanding, guiding followers in their discernment of amr. It emphasizes intelligent decision-making aligned with divine will, forming a basis for ethical behavior and judgment. Wisdom is portrayed as crucial for navigating life's challenges while maintaining faithfulness to God's guidance.
19) Secret (Secrecy, Secretly):
Secret in the Koran often alludes to divine knowledge and hidden truths. It signifies aspects of faith that may be beyond human comprehension, underscoring the mysterious nature of God's amr. Recognizing secrets highlights the importance of faith and humility in acknowledging the limits of human understanding.
20) Faith:
Faith is a central theme in the Koran, representing trust and belief in God and His revelations. It encompasses acceptance of God's amr as guidance for life. Faith serves as the foundation for spiritual growth, moral conduct, and communal identity, emphasizing personal relationships with the divine.
21) Mina:
Mina refers to the place associated with the Hajj pilgrimage, symbolizing submission to God's will. In the Koran, it highlights the significance of religious duty and the communal aspect of worship. Mina embodies the spiritual journey toward fulfilling God's amr in pursuit of divine favor and acceptance.
22) Asat:
Asat signifies the plans or intentions of individuals, often highlighted as contrarian to divine will in the Koran. It illustrates the human tendency to defy God's amr, reminding believers of the futility of opposing divine plans. Asat captures the tension between human free will and divine decree.
23) Fear:
Fear, in the Koranic context, represents reverence and awe before God's majesty and authority. It highlights the awareness of divine judgment associated with amr and serves as a motivator for righteous conduct. Fear is necessary for aligning with God's will and embracing the accountability of human choices.
24) Hell:
Hell symbolizes the ultimate consequence of defying God's will (amr). In the Koran, it serves as a warning of divine retribution against persistent wrongdoing and disbelief. The concept emphasizes accountability, showcasing the stark contrast between the rewards of Paradise and the punishments awaiting the unrepentant.
25) Idol:
Idol in the Koran represents false deities and misguided beliefs that deviate from monotheism. It embodies the rejection of God’s sovereignty and amr, emphasizing the futility of worshipping entities other than God. Idol worship is critiqued as a failure to recognize divine authority and truth.
26) Book:
The Book is often a reference to the Koran itself, symbolizing divine guidance and revelation. It serves as the primary source for understanding God's amr and establishing principles for living a pious life. The Book underscores the significance of revealed knowledge in shaping beliefs and practices.
27) Heaven and earth:
Heaven and earth together represent the totality of creation, underscoring God's authority over the cosmos. In the Koran, this duality encapsulates the interconnectedness of spiritual and material realms governed by God's amr, illustrating the extent of divine sovereignty and the continuous interaction between both dimensions.
28) Alms Giving:
Alms giving represents an essential practice of charity in the Koran, signifying compassion and social responsibility. It embodies an aspect of God's amr, promoting communal well-being and reflecting faith through actions. Almsgiving is pivotal for spiritual growth, illustrating the connection between belief, generosity, and moral conduct.
29) Monotheism:
Monotheism in the Koran underscores the belief in one God, which is central to Islamic theology. It emphasizes God’s singular authority and role as the source of all amr. Monotheism shapes the framework of faith and worship, promoting the rejection of polytheism and affirming the core of religious identity.
30) Separation (Separateness, Separate, Separated):
Separation in this context refers to the distinctions made between divine authority and human actions, particularly concerning amr. It emphasizes the delineation of roles whereby God determines destiny while humans exercise free will. This separation highlights the balance between divine sovereignty and human responsibility in ethical matters.
31) Inference:
Inference in the Koran pertains to understanding and deriving meanings from divine communication and amr. It represents the intellectual engagement necessary for interpreting God's will and applying it to personal conduct. Inference encourages reflection and discernment as individuals navigate complex moral and spiritual landscapes.
32) Emanating (Emanation):
Emanation in the Koranic framework gestures towards the unfolding of God's will and attributes through creation and amr. It suggests a flow of divine essence into the world, reflecting the relationship between the Creator and creation. Emanation emphasizes the continuous interaction between God and His manifestations.
33) Pregnant:
Pregnant in this context metaphorically refers to the potentiality and significance embedded within God's amr. It suggests that divine commands carry weight and transformative power, giving life to ideas, plans, and destinies. The term emphasizes the deep impact of divine revelations on individuals and their communities.
34) Babylon:
Babylon symbolizes historical rebellion against divine rule in the Koran, representing the consequences of defying God's amr. It draws parallels with the fate of disbelievers, emphasizing the importance of heeding divine guidance. Babylon illustrates the destructive outcomes of pride and ignorance, serving as a cautionary tale for believers.
35) Citizen:
Citizen in this context relates to individuals within a community bound by faith. It signifies belonging and accountability under God's amr, emphasizing mutual responsibilities and ethical conduct. Citizenship reflects the collective pursuit of spiritual and moral values, reinforcing the notion of community supported by adherence to divine guidance.
36) Hundred:
Hundred in the Koran symbolizes abundance and completeness, often used in the context of blessings or rewards for good deeds. It signifies the multipliers of divine favor when humans follow God's amr. The number suggests the manifold nature of God's mercy and grace bestowed upon the faithful.
37) Worship:
Worship in the Koran signifies the central act of devotion towards God, encompassing prayers, rituals, and adherence to amr. It represents the human response to divine sovereignty and establishes a personal connection with God. Worship is fundamental to expressing faith, shaping moral character, and fostering spiritual fulfillment.
38) Extreme:
Extreme in this context refers to the nature of belief and conduct that contrasts the balanced approach advocated in the Koran. It highlights the dangers of excess in faith or actions, pertaining to deviations from divine guidance or amr. The term serves as a caution against fanaticism or deviation from core values.
39) Opinion:
Opinion in the Koran alludes to the subjective interpretations and beliefs individuals may hold regarding divine matters. It emphasizes the importance of aligning personal views with God's amr, warning against misleading or erroneous beliefs. The term encourages believers to seek truth through revelation rather than conjecture.
40) Basari:
Basari in the Koran relates to the concept of insight or discernment, particularly concerning divine matters. It emphasizes understanding and awareness of the implications of God's amr. The term signifies the importance of perception and reflection in aligning with divine purpose and striving toward righteousness.
41) Nature:
Nature in the Koran highlights the created order established by God, reflecting His wisdom and design in all things. It pertains to the functioning of the universe governed by divine laws and amr. Nature serves as a testament to the Creator’s power, inviting contemplation and reverence from believers.
42) Prayer:
Prayer in the Koran signifies an essential act of worship and communication with God. It embodies submission to divine will and the acknowledgment of God's authority. Prayer is integral to maintaining a relationship with God, enabling believers to seek guidance and express gratitude in alignment with His amr.
43) Gold (Golden):
Golden, in a symbolic context within the Koran, can represent the allure of material wealth and idolatry, particularly in relation to the story of the golden calf. It serves as a cautionary symbol against greed and disobedience to God's amr, illustrating the consequences of straying from divine guidance.
44) Egypt:
Egypt in the Koran often symbolizes oppression, tyranny, and the challenges faced by prophets. It is significant in narratives of liberation and divine intervention, particularly in the story of Moses. Egypt reflects a historical backdrop for illustrating God's sovereignty and the transformative power of His amr.
45) Kulla:
Kulla represents the concept of universality in the Koran, often emphasizing the totality of God's creation and His all-encompassing knowledge. It highlights the inclusivity of God's amr, reflecting divine governance over all aspects of existence. The term serves to affirm God's omnipresence and authority across creation.
46) Tarja:
Tarja refers to the act of returning or turning towards God’s commands (amr) in the Koran. It highlights the necessity of repentance and redirection in faith practices. The term emphasizes the dynamic relationship between humanity and the divine, encouraging believers to seek closeness and alignment with God's will.
47) Micha:
Micha relates to the prophetic tradition in the Koran that emphasizes justice, mercy, and moral rectitude. It serves as a reminder for individuals to live in accordance with God's directives (amr). The message encapsulates the ethical responsibilities of believers, urging them to embody the principles of divine guidance.
48) Doubt:
Doubt in the Koran addresses the challenges of faith and beliefs concerning divine revelations. It signifies the internal struggles individuals face when reconciling faith with worldly experiences. Doubt can lead to questioning God's amr, but the Koran encourages believers to cultivate trust and confidence in divine wisdom and guidance.
49) Birth:
Birth in the Koran refers both to the physical act of coming into existence and the spiritual awakening related to faith. It symbolizes new beginnings and the unfolding of God's amr in a person’s life. Birth also stresses the divine intention behind creation, linking physical life to spiritual purpose.
50) Heart:
The heart in the Koran symbolizes the center of understanding, intention, and emotion in individuals. It relates to one's capacity for faith and response to God's amr. The purity of the heart is paramount for spiritual growth, highlighting the importance of sincere devotion and moral integrity in the life of believers.
51) Depth:
Depth signifies the profound aspects of understanding and spirituality in the Koran. It encompasses the intricate layers of divine messages and the necessity for thoughtful reflection on God's amr. The term invites believers to explore the richness of faith beyond surface-level interpretations, embracing the complexities of divine wisdom.
52) Taste:
Taste in the Koran metaphorically refers to experiencing the divine blessings and repercussions of one's actions. It emphasizes the connection between belief and the consequences of living in accordance or dissonance with God's amr. The term encapsulates the impact of faith on both earthly existence and spiritual fulfillment.
53) Light:
Light in the Koran symbolizes divine guidance, knowledge, and the illumination of truth in contrast to darkness and ignorance. It embodies the essence of God's amr, revealing the path to righteousness and understanding. Light serves as a metaphor for the transformative power of faith and the clarity it brings to life.
54) Limit (Limiting, Limited):
Limit in the Koran refers to the boundaries set by God within creation and moral conduct. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing divine sovereignty and adhering to God's amr. Understanding limits allows believers to navigate life with accountability, steering clear of excess and ensuring alignment with divine purpose.
55) Jacob:
Jacob in the Koran symbolizes faith and the struggle for righteousness. His story emphasizes family, heritage, and the continuation of monotheistic tradition. Jacob's life illustrates God's amr manifested through trials and blessings, highlighting the importance of perseverance and trust in divine wisdom across generations.
56) Human:
Human refers to individuals created by God with free will and the capacity for moral reasoning. In the Koran, being human involves navigating divine commands (amr) while upholding ethical responsibilities. It underscores the significance of humanity's relationship with the divine, reflecting a blend of agency and dependence on God's guidance.
57) Union:
Union in the Koran signifies the bond between individuals and God, grounded in shared faith and adherence to amr. It reflects communal harmony and the collective pursuit of divine purpose. The term underscores the importance of togetherness in worship and moral conduct, fostering a sense of belonging in the spiritual community.
58) Anna:
Anna generally refers to the concept of growth or inclination towards the divine in the Koran. It symbolizes the journey of nurturing faith and understanding God's amr. The term signifies the evolution of belief, emphasizing the dynamic nature of spirituality, and the need for continued engagement with divine teachings.
59) Ayya:
Ayya can represent moments of revelation or reminders of God's presence in the Koran. It emphasizes the importance of awareness and recognition of divine signs in daily life. The term promotes vigilance in faith, encouraging believers to remain attuned to the manifestations of God's amr and guidance throughout existence.
60) Mati:
Mati can refer to the aspects of life influenced by divine will (amr) in the Koran. Its implications emphasize the necessity of aligning personal desires and actions with God's intentions. The concept promotes a comprehensive understanding of how divine governance permeates all facets of existence, guiding believers toward righteousness.
61) Kana:
Kana signifies being or existence in the Koran, highlighting the importance of awareness of God's amr in all aspects of life's journey. It emphasizes the continuous unfolding of divine intentions within creation and the necessity of acknowledging God's presence and guidance throughout human experiences.
62) Sama (Shama):
Sama represents the heavens or celestial realms in the Koran, often highlighting the order and design established by God. It symbolizes the spiritual aspect of existence, emphasizing the connection between divine sovereignty and the earthly realm. Sama embodies the overarching authority of God over all creations.
63) Amra:
Amra in the Koran denotes the divine command and decision-making power of God. It encapsulates the essence of divine governance and plan in the universe, emphasizing the weight of divine authority inherent in amr. Understanding amra is central for recognizing the significance of obedience and responsiveness to God's will.
64) Food:
Food in the Koran signifies sustenance provided by God, reflecting His mercy and amr. It embodies the connection between material needs and spiritual fulfillment, emphasizing gratitude for divine provisions. Food serves as a reminder of God's rules and guidelines for consumption, fostering a sense of community and social responsibility.
65) Soul:
Soul in the Koran represents the spiritual essence and identity of a person created by God. It emphasizes the importance of nurturing the soul through faith and righteous actions aligned with God's amr. The concept of soul underscores humanity's relationship with the divine, calling for ethical conduct and spiritual growth.
66) King:
King in the Koran symbolizes God's ultimate sovereignty and authority over creation. It reflects divine governance, where God is the ruler guiding the course of events through His amr. This term underscores the importance of recognizing God as the supreme leader, shaping believers' understanding of justice and moral principles.
67) Inda (Imda):
Inda signifies presence or the condition of being in the Koran, particularly emphasizing the nearness of God to His creation. It reflects the relevance of God's amr in supporting and guiding individuals. Understanding inda encourages believers to recognize the constant involvement of God in their lives and spiritual journeys.
68) Ship:
Ship in the Koran symbolizes the journey of life, navigating through divine guidance amidst challenges. It represents the means by which humans traverse the waters of existence under God's amr. The imagery serves as a powerful metaphor for reliance on divine support in seeking safety and fulfillment.
69) Hour:
Hour in the Koran refers to the appointed time for reckoning and judgment. It signifies the inevitability of divine accountability in response to human actions aligned with God's amr. The concept of the Hour encourages awareness of time and the importance of living in accordance with spiritual principles for salvation.
70) Star:
Star in the Koran often represents guidance and divine signs within the cosmos. It signifies the light of knowledge illuminating the path of righteousness according to God's amr. The presence of stars serves as a reminder of God's order in creation, inviting believers to reflect on the beauty and design of the universe.
71) Cave:
Cave in the Koran symbolizes refuge and protection, particularly in the context of believers seeking shelter from oppression. It reflects the divine amr providing safe havens for the faithful. The cave serves as a powerful metaphor for trust in God’s guidance amidst trials, highlighting reliance on divine support.
72) Lahi:
Lahi signifies God’s name, embodying the essence of divine attributes in the Koran. It highlights the personal relationship between God and humanity through worship and adherence to amr. Recognizing Lahi encourages believers to engage deeply with their faith, fostering devotion and commitment to spiritual practice.