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As stated earlier the king should mix with the people. Though the king is supreme in his country, he has to please his subjects (payati) 1. Various means to be employed by a king to satisfy the subjects are as follows: With wealth, he should control the greedy%;B with modesty, the insolent; by respecting their desire, the stern; and with service, the learned. Something more may be stated in connection with the relationship with the learned. A king should be very 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, II.229b.

96 careful while dealing with them. A learned person with the stride of his intellect foresees the future, and therefore, if offended, is capable of destroying any person. Though inwardly very strict, the king, in his general behaviour, should show himself to be very soft. Becoming strict to extremes is an impossibility. While becoming strict, other factors like "time", which control one's behaviour have also to be taken into consideration,' as, for instance, even the fire cannot be sharp in the season of winter. Similarly, strictness cannot be an all-time policy. One can always remain soft and sweet outwardly and very strict at heart. One of the principal duties of the king is to remove 'thorns in his way, i.e. those who are antagonistic to the welfare of the state and the people. He has to punish those who do not abide by the laws. The king should observe the enforcement of rules and laws very minutely. He should 1. Vasudeva, having killed the king of the city of Rup anabha, destroyed all the antagonists (nihadakadayati.e. skt. nihata kantaka) and then handed over the kingdom to his relation who ruled there; Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II. 123b.

97 rule over those who, with responsibility, perform their duty, as a duty; the mediocres with a view to guide them; and the low and the vile in order to punish them. Right conduct never fails a person. Such a person never declines; on the other hand, he propsers. A king should never hesitate to acquire knowledge from anyone, high or low. As the wise say, one should accept learning from even a low person, an excellent woman even from a low family, gold from dirt and ambrosia though bitter. The king should protect himself in different ways and on all sides. With eyes he should protect the hands and legs; with precepts, the abdomen and membrum virile; with mind the nostrils and eyes; and with determination the mind and speech. He should especially restrain his speech as he should not express in words his strength though he is strong. Dangers which may prove fatal to him, and hence should be prevented from occuring are started to be seven in number, viz. a fool, fire, women, serpents,

98 lions, water and the harem (raula) 1.鈥� 1. The seven vices (vasana) which a king should avoid are, according to queen Rirannavati, Vasudeva鈥檚 grand mother-in-law, enumerated as follows: majjhecchi (skt. madya-stri), tthida-valiyamda (balikadamda?) tharumata (?), atthadusana (arthadusana) and migavva (mrgaya). These, probably, are the same seven extremely fatal vices enumerated in the Manusmrti (VII.51). According to the Smrti these vices have their root in greed, and they are, drinking, dice, women, hunting harsh tongue, cruelty in punishment and unjust seizure of money of others (arthadusana).