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The Structural Temples of Gujarat
based on sound scintific principles and was probably the
precursor of the temple which later became the chief feature
of Hindu architecture."
(e) Epics: The R膩may膩峁嘺 (2nd cent. A. D. )31 and the
Mah膩bh膩rata ( 4th cent. B. C.-4th cent. A. D.)82 both mirror a very
advanced state of Indian architecture. Descriptions of towns,
palaces, Sabh膩s, and forts simply abound. Experts in
the Sth膩patya ( architecture) were highly honoured; Vi艣vakarm膩
and Maya are repeatedly alluded as master-architects of Dev膩s
and Asuras. Techincal words like Sthapati, V膩rdhaki, Tak峁�aka,
and S奴tradh膩ra occur in the R膩m膩ya峁嘺. Houses and places
had already been classfied with their appropriate technical
names according to their different characterstics, e. g. the
Chatus艣膩la, the Padma, the Svastika, the Vardhamana houses, and
the Vimana (palace) called the Puspahvaya. All these names
occur in later 艢ipla-Sastras. Forts were also divided into four
classes, such as river-fort (Nadeya,), the hill fort (P膩rvatya),
the forest-fort (Vanya) and the artificial fort (K峁泃rima ) ( Vl. 3 )
Fortification of towns and inner chambers of queens with
ditches and ramparts adorned with Gopuras and Tora峁嘺s are
stereotyped description of the capital cities like Ayodhya,
Kiskindh盲 and Lanka; palaces or ostentatious buildings were
known as Pr膩s膩das, Vim膩nas, Harmyas and Saudhas and
Pr膩s膩das are described as Saptabhauma, A峁ａ弓abhauma, Anekabhauma
and the like. These palaces were also crowned with domes
or pinnacles (Sikhara,, S峁沶ga. etc.). Over the tops of houses,
besides the Sikharas and S峁沶gas (pinnacles) were constructed
the Candra峁Ｄ乴膩s, Vi峁�膩nakas and Valabhi's the technical members of
houses are also mentioned. Decoration of houses with paintings
and sculptures was also a current tradition. Palace-architecture
has found an eloquent description in the R膩m膩ya峁嘺.
30. Dr. P. K. Acharya: 'History of Architecture in India and
Abroad.' p. 63.
31. Winternitz. M. History of Indian Literature Vol. I. p. 516.
32. Ibid. p. 475.