Musical Instruments in Sanskrit Literature
by S. Karthick Raj KMoundinya | 2008 | 66,229 words
The essay studies the Musical Instruments in Sanskrit Literature and its relationship with the South Indian musical tradition. The study emphasizes the universal appeal of music and documents how it pervades various aspects of life, art, literature, painting, and sculpture. The thesis further examines the evolution of musical instruments from ancie...
Introduction: Music in Ancient Indian thought
Music has always been linked to the emotional aspect of man, and as such has a profound influence on the listener. Undoubtedly an intangible and wonderful gift from one human being to another, music is rightfully considered the language of the gods, according to Indian tradition. Even otherwise, a transition from the relative silence of unformed speech to 'spontaneous sound' (in melodic form) is a very powerful journey. The sound of music travels along the blood vessels in our system while simultaneously lifting the mind and the spirit. Music provides both roots and wings for human emotions. An awareness of the world around sinks as the listener succumbs to the physical experience of sound. The listener is transported to a different world altogether when he is involved in music. The sound of music remains in the ether surrounding the planet; that sound does not die out. Ancient melodies return, new ones are born. Classical music of all cultures carries this sublime quality of music through centuries and generations. Music is probably the oldest of all arts. Elements of it had been in existence even before man or animals for that matter, appeared on earth. It is coeval with creation. Shakespeare had the vision and insight of a seer when he observed that there is harmony in the immortal souls.
22 22 Shakespeare sang: There is not the smallest orb which thou behold'st But in the motion like an angel sings, Still giving to the young evid cherubins; Such harmony is in the immortal souls; But while this muddy vesture of decay Doth grossly close it in; we cannot hear it. Merchant of Venice - Act V - Scene 1 Lord Byron says: There is music in the sighing of the reed; There is music in the gushing of a rill; There is music in all things, if men had ears Their earth is but an echo of the spheres. Don Juan - Canto 15 - Stanza 5 Music comprises both melody and rhythm. The periodicity of natural occurrences was perhaps the basis of rhythm. When man began to observe nature closely, he imbibed the sense of rhythm. The regular motion of the heart and lungs reinforced the sense of rhythm in him. In nature, sentient and non-sentient, there is a wonderful variety of sounds pleasant and unpleasant. The difference of pitch should have been familiar even to the primitive ear, from the low moan of anguish to the high shout of joy. Change of emotion caused a change of pitch. In the cry of birds and animals, the hum of bees, wind through boughs and branches and its whistle through holes in bamboos, are the rudiments of primitive music. When man evolved his own language, he learnt to combine it with his music and slowly developed a kind of folk music that could attract the listeners.
23 Sound is energy in the form of vibrations called sound waves. A plucked string, for example, starts vibrations in the air. Our eardrums pick up the movements and our brain interprets them as sounds. A musical note is made when a vibration is steady. Notes can be organized in scales running from low to high. Different scales have been used at different times in history and they have influenced music around the world. The notes of Indian scales are arranged in traditional patterns called ragas, which represent different emotions and moods. Musical sounds can be long or short, loud or quiet. They also vary in 'tone'. This is the quality that makes our voice and instruments sound different from each other. Music is the language of emotion and is an integral part of the Indian culture. Music is a language by itself and is capable of expressing subtle thoughts and refined ideas. India has developed not only an excellent system of music and dance, but also has taken adequate steps to ensure their preservation and development. India's hoary musical culture, the richness, variety and prolific character of her musical literature and repertoire, the amazing number and variety of musical instruments and the fine galaxy of musicians, composers and musicologists produced by her have all earned for India a dignified place in world culture in general and world music in particular.
24 From early times India has been famous for her eminence in fine arts. India has delighted the world art stage in various kinds of dances, vocal music and instrumental music, which are characterized by a graceful blend of style, aesthetics, and their polished exposition. This beautiful land of fine arts verily is the place of Joy and refined cultural heritage.