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In the 痴测补惫补丑腻谤腻诲丑测腻测补 of the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈, 辫谤补办墨谤峁嘺办补 is presented as the last 惫测补惫补丑腻谤补辫补诲补. 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 devotes thirteen verses under the head 辫谤补办墨谤峁嘺办补, without any special order containing laws more or less grave in nature. 狈腻谤补诲补 defines the title of law called 辫谤补办墨谤峁嘺办补 as those matters, which depend upon the king.^[1] The miscellaneous rules seem to supplement the other titles of law. It is clarified by 狈腻谤补诲补 that whatever has been omitted in the preceding titles of law are dealt with under the head known as miscellaneous.^[2] 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 comprehends within 辫谤补办墨谤峁嘺办补prakara峁嘺, several acts of commission and omission as offences, which embrace a wide range of human failings to inflict injury on man or animal and so attracts appropriate punishment. Some of the laws, dealt with in this title of law of 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈, are discussed in the previous chapter under the head relating to right and duties of a king, as it is quite relevant to trace the elements of political aspects. Therefore, those laws are not mentioned again here to avoid the repetition.

When any offences committed by quadruped, the driver or keeper is not to be held guilty if he cries loudly to be away. In case of one, causing an injury by a wood, a clod of earth, an arrow, an arm, a stone or by yoked beast, if he shouts loud with the words be away, then no fault accrues to him.^[3] Moreover, the owner is not responsible to injuries caused by conveyance carried by bullock, etc., whose nose-strings are snapped or by a carriage the yolk or other parts of which have been broken or by a cart moving rearwards, etc.^[4] The owner of animals, which have tusks or horns owes responsibility towards an injury caused by those animals due to neglect on his part. If an owner being himself capable of fails to rescue others from the attacks of horned animals he has to undergo the punishment of lowest amercement and double that amount when he does not offer relief even though the victim has cried aloud for help.^[5] Another offence enumerated by the author within this section consists in charging by one the paramour of a woman in his family as thief. The punishment ordained for it is five hundred 辫补峁嘺蝉 and one is compelled to pay eight times of that amount for releasing such a paramour after having accepted money payment as bribe.^[6] The author in this section enumerates punishment for those who unjustly decide litigations.^[7]

驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 allows a review or appeal of a judicial decision and the party preferring it has to pay double the amount of fine in case the decision goes against him.^[8] The punishment of eight-hundred 辫补峁嘺蝉 is prescribed for a person, who puts out both the eyes of another person.^[9] Sale of articles, which are found on a dead body, is made an offence punishable with highest amercement by Y膩j帽avalky.^[10] Thus, it may be noticed that the rules enumerated under 辫谤补办墨谤峁嘺办补prakara峁嘺 are of scattered and diverse nature.

Some of the acts stated within this title of law are found to have declared as offences under the present law also. For instance, The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 from sections 96 to 114 contain provision for appeal, review, etc., of a decision given by a court of justice. Similarly, The Code of Criminal Procedure recognizes the right to appeal, review, etc., in detail from sections 372 to 405. Section 80 of Indian Penal Code considers nothing as an offence, which is caused by accident or misfortune without any criminal intention or knowledge while doing a lawful act with proper care and caution. ^[11] The rules provided by 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 regarding liabilities of owner of conveyance and keeper of four-footed animals (2.298,299), seem to be based on the same principle with section 80 of the Indian Penal Code that to constitute a crime, intent and the act of wrongdoer both must concur. Section 404 of the Code also provides protection of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death.^[12]

It should be mentioned that in the 痴测补惫补丑腻谤腻诲丑测腻测补, there are reference to three grades of fines, viz. prathama 蝉腻丑补蝉补, madhyama 蝉腻丑补蝉补 and uttama 蝉腻丑补蝉补. 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 in one place has defined these technical terms and declares the quantum of fine that constitute the three kinds of fine. He has fixed one thousand and eighty 辫补峁嘺蝉 to be the highest amercement, middle amercement consists of the half of it, i.e. five hundred and forty 辫补峁嘺蝉 and half of it, i.e. two hundred and seventy 辫补峁嘺蝉 are declared to be prathama 蝉腻丑补蝉补 or lowest amercement.^[13]

Thus, an examination made in this chapter regarding the legal tenets of the 痴测补惫补丑腻谤腻诲丑测腻测补 of the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈, reveals a well-developed system of law, which is even relevant in modern time. Most of the laws incorporated in the 痴测补惫补丑腻谤腻诲丑测腻测补 of the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈, find corresponding provisions more or less under the modern codified laws, which are at present in force in India.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

prak墨r峁嘺ke punarj帽eyo vyavah膩ro n峁沺膩艣raya岣�/ 狈腻谤补诲补sm峁泃i, 4.17.1

[2]:

na dra峁ａ弓a峁� yacca p奴rve峁�u tatsarva峁� sy膩t prak墨r峁嘺ke// Ibid., 4.17.4

[3]:

catu峁�p膩dak峁泃o do峁�o napaih墨ti prajalpata岣�/ k膩峁ａ弓halo峁ａ弓he峁�up膩峁Ｄ佱箛a b膩huyugyak峁泃astath膩// 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈,2.298

[4]:

chinnanasyena y膩nena tath膩 bhagnyug膩din膩/ pa艣c膩ccaiv膩pasarat膩 hi峁僺ane sv膩myado峁�abh膩k// Ibid., 2.299

[5]:

艣akto鈥檖yamok峁�ayansv膩m墨 da峁冡梗峁璻墨峁嚹佱箖 艣峁涐箙gi峁嚹佱箖 tath膩/ 辫谤补迟丑补尘补峁� 蝉腻丑补蝉补峁� dady膩dvikru峁ａ弓e dvigu峁嘺峁� tath膩// Ibid.,2.300

[6]:

箩腻谤补峁� cauretyabhivadand膩pya岣� pa帽ca艣ata峁� damam/ 耻辫补箩墨惫测补 诲丑补苍补峁� mu帽ca峁僺tadev膩峁ａ弓agu峁嚹玨峁泃am// Ibid.,2.301

[7]:

Ibid.,2.305

[8]:

Ibid.,2.306

[9]:

dvinetrabhedino r膩jadvi峁ａ弓膩de艣k峁泃astath膩/ 鈥� a峁ａ弓a艣ato 诲补尘补岣�// Ibid.,2.304

[10]:

m峁泃膩峁単alagnavikreturgurost膩岣峚yistath膩/ 鈥� uttama蝉腻丑补蝉补岣�// Ibid.,2.303

[11]:

Misra, S.N., Indian Penal Code,page 175

[12]:

Ibid., page 759

[13]:

s膩艣墨ti辫补峁嘺蝉膩hasro 诲补峁囜笉补 uttamas膩ha峁�a岣�/ tadardha峁� 尘补诲丑测补尘补岣� proktastadardhamadhama岣� sm峁泃a岣�// 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补蝉尘峁泃颈,1.366