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CHAPTER X
EXTRAORDINARY PERCEPTION (ALAUKIKA
笔搁础罢驰础碍峁�A)
I. S膩m膩nyalak峁�a峁嘺 or the perception of classes
In the ancient school of the Ny膩ya we do not meet with
the distinction between laukika or ordinary and alaukika or
extraordinary perception. This distinction appears in the
modern Nyaya beginning with Gange艣a. In laukika or ordinary
perception there is a normal sense-contact with objects present
to sense. In alaukika perception, however, the objects are not
actually present to sense, but are conveyed to it through an
extraordinary medium. In it there is a special kind of sense-
object contact (alaukika-sannikar峁�a). Extraordinary percep-
tion is of three kinds, namely, s膩m膩nyalak峁�a峁嘺, j帽膩nalak峁�a峁嘺
and yogaja.
S膩m膩nyalak峁�a峁嘺 is the perception of a whole class of
objects through the generic property (s膩m膩nya) perceived in
any individual member of that class. Thus when we perceive
something as a pot we judge it as belonging to the class of pots.
But to know that the thing belongs to the class of pots is also
to know all other pots belonging to the same class. To say that
'this is a pot' is to know, by implication, what all other pots
are. Hence in perceiving one thing as a pot we perceive all
other pots. But the other pots are not present to sense in the
same way in which one is present. How then can there be any
perception of the other pots? If there is to be any perception
of the other pots, they must be in some sort of contact (sanni-
kar峁�a) with our sense. According to the Naiy膩yikas, when we
perceive one pot we perceive the universal potness' as its
defining property. It is this perception of the universal
27-(O.P. 103)