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1. 惭耻谤补濒腻 or Kerala

惭补峁卥丑补办补 has praised the beauty of the faces as well as the breasts of the females of the country of 惭耻谤补濒腻, situated in 顿腻办峁�i峁嚹乼测补, respectively in 艣耻诲诲丑补峁� 诲补诲丑补迟辫腻苍迟丑补辫耻谤补峁卍丑谤颈产腻峁�p补辫奴谤补颈谤颈惫补^[1], 肠补峁璾濒颈迟补蝉颈肠补测腻帽肠补濒补肠肠丑补峁�膩b丑颈谤尘耻谤补濒补^[2] 鈥�.. He refers to the women of Kerala.^[3] This place is located in M膩lbar, in South India. 惭耻谤补濒腻 is another name for Kerala. According to the 碍补迟丑腻蝉补谤颈迟蝉腻驳补谤补^[4] and the Raghuva峁兣沘^[5], the Kerala is the strip of land between the western ghats and the sea, north of the river 碍腻惫别谤墨. Likewise, the poet refers to the wind that blows from Kerala, situated at far distance, from the land of Kashmir in 濒补迟颈办腻 濒补迟颈办腻 vyaloki^[6] 鈥︹��. Regarding the 办别谤补濒补尘腻谤耻迟, Jonar膩ja writes that by the wind, that blows from Kerala, the creepers are quivering.^[7]

2. 碍补谤峁嚹佱弓补ka

The 办补谤峁嚹佱弓补蝉补尘墨谤补峁嚹�^[8] or the winds of 碍补谤峁嚹佱弓补 i.e. the present state of 碍补谤峁嚹佱弓补ka has been referred too. It may be mentioned here that, probably this place is located in present Chennai, as the wind from the mountain Malaya is spoken of as blowing in it. Jonar膩ja also construes the term 办补谤峁嚹佱弓补蝉补尘墨谤补峁嚹� as 尘补濒补测补惫腻测补惫补岣�.^[9] The poet here also refers to the coconut fruits growing in 碍补谤峁嚹佱弓补kaprade艣a.

3. 础峁単补

惭补峁卥丑补办补 refers to North Bengal situated in the eastern part of India, when he mentions the province of 础峁単补.^[10]

4. M膩gadha

He also mentions 惭腻驳补诲丑补蝉^[11] and thereby refers to Bihar and its inhabitants.

5. Matsya

Coming to west, 惭补峁卥丑补办补 gives reference to Matsya i.e. north R膩jput膩n膩 situated in the western part of India.^[12] The poet refers to one desert by the word maru.^[13] Some more references of familiarity of the poet to a desert are found.^[14] According to some, the term maru might have been used to denote the place M膩rw膩r. The elephants found in the forests of Vindhya, also have been referred to in sa 迟补诲腻 迟谤颈诲补艣补濒辞办补惫补颈谤颈峁嚹佱箖^[15] 鈥�...

6. 厂颈峁僪补濒补 and 尝补峁卥腻

惭补峁卥丑补办补, also refers to some places situated far away from Kashmir. As for example, the wind from 厂颈峁僪补濒补 has been mentioned in 测耻惫补箩补苍补驳丑补苍补办别濒颈蝉奴迟谤补诲丑腻谤辞^[16] 鈥�..., also in anvarodhi dadhat膩 guru 谤补峁僪补岣�^[17] 鈥�... He mentions 尝补峁卥腻.^[18] The poet knew 尝补峁卥腻 as a separate island from 厂颈峁僪补濒补 (Ceylon) since he refers to 厂颈峁僪补濒补 many times, but 尝补峁卥腻 for once. Again, he refers to the 罢谤颈办奴峁璦 mountains near 尝补峁卥腻, which is nowhere to be found in 厂颈峁僪补濒补. From these, it may be assumed that according to the poet, these two islands are different. The word 尝补峁卥腻 means primarily an island. According to mythology, 尝补峁卥腻 is the capital of the legendary king 搁腻惫补峁嘺, as depicted in the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺, the great epic. The fortress was situated on a plateau between three mountain peaks known as the 罢谤颈办奴峁璦 Mountains. This island would lie more than a hundred miles south-west of present Sri Lanka, the country.

7. 础濒补办腻

The poet refers to the city of 础濒补办腻 i.e. 础濒补办腻pur墨, the abode of the 测补办峁�a蝉, situated at the foot of the mountain, 碍补颈濒腻蝉补.^[19] 碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补 had glorified this place in his lyric, 惭别驳丑补诲奴迟补 It was the capital of Kubera, the lord of the 测补办峁�a蝉. Regarding northern part of India, 惭补峁卥丑补办补 remarks that the region, which is an ornament of the forehead of the direction that was acquainted to Kuvera i.e. north, is referred to by 碍腻艣尘墨谤补.^[20] 碍腻艣尘墨谤补 was otherwise known as 厂补迟墨蝉补谤补蝉, which is, as if, a place for taking bath for the creator.^[21] The poet has given a beautiful reason for 碍腻艣尘墨谤补 being surrounded by snow-clad mountains. The poet observes that both the ocean and the land of 碍腻艣尘墨谤补 have the wealth of precious jewels. But the ocean is, as if, defeated by the wealth of 碍腻艣尘墨谤补 and hence, it circumambulates 碍腻艣尘墨谤补 with its milky-white waves, giving the impression of the snowcovered mountains.^[22]

8. Pravarapura

惭补峁卥丑补办补 refers the city Pravara, in lofty terms. He remarks that by whose purer qualities, all the quarters are exceedingly decorated, just like the rays and which is well known as Pravara, the city attains the position of a crest jewel of that region.^[23] Alexander Cunningham and M. A. Stein have furnished details about this place.^[24]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

艣耻诲诲丑补峁� 诲补诲丑补迟辫腻苍迟丑补辫耻谤补峁卍丑谤颈产腻峁�p补辫奴谤补颈谤颈惫补 k峁Ｄ乴itamam艣uj膩la峁�/
smere峁嘺 candro mural膩峁単an膩n膩峁� mukhena s膩patnakam膩lalambe//
     艢r墨ka峁囜弓hacarita.,VI. 39, page 82

[2]:

肠补峁璾濒颈迟补蝉颈肠补测腻帽肠补濒补肠肠丑补峁�膩b丑颈谤尘耻谤补濒补purandhrikuce艣u pu峁�paketo岣�/
bhuvanavijayak墨rtivaijayant墨rmarudayamutk峁�ipat墨va d膩k峁�i峁嚹乼ya岣�//
     Ibid., VII. 39, page 100

[3]:

malayaparimal膩岣峢ya峁僢h膩buka岣� keral墨na峁� vipulapulakavedh膩 m膩nmathagranthak膩ra岣�/
di艣i di艣i p峁涐梗ada艣vo d膩k峁�i峁嚹乼ya岣� 艣i艣ik峁�e rasapariv峁涐笉hasakhy膩ha峁僰峁泃a艣c膩pal膩ni//
     Ibid., VI. 60, page 87

[4]:

na para峁� mural膩n膩峁� sehe m奴rdhasu connati峁� karair膩hanyam膩ne峁�u y膩vatk膩nt膩kuccsvapi/
碍补迟丑腻蝉补谤颈迟蝉腻驳补谤补., Tara峁単a VI. 5. 96

[5]:

bhayots峁涐梗峁璦vibh奴峁Ｄ佱箛膩峁� tena keralayo峁�it膩峁� alake峁�u cam奴re峁噓艣c奴r峁嘺pratinidh墨k峁泃a岣�/
mural膩m膩rutoddh奴tamagamatkaitaka峁� raja岣� tadyodhav膩rab膩峁嚹乶膩mayatnapa峁璦v膩sat膩峁�// Raghuva峁兣沘, IV. 55

[6]:

艢r墨ka峁囜弓hacarita., VIII. 17

[7]:

keral膩khyo dak峁�i峁嚹乸athe janapadavi艣e峁�astasya m膩rutaccha峁�膩bhistaral膩 sakamp膩 濒补迟颈办腻 濒补迟颈办腻 devy膩 vyaloki vilokit膩/
     Ibid., VIII. 17, page 112

[8]:

Ibid., VI. 62

[9]:

te 办补谤峁嚹佱弓补蝉补尘墨谤补峁嚹佱弗 尘补濒补测补惫腻测补惫补岣� kamiva na kr墨岣嵞乺asa峁� cakrire/
Ibid., VI. 62, page 88

[10]:

Ibid., XVI. 34

[11]:

Ibid., XVII. 9

[12]:

Ibid., XVI. 34

[13]:

Ibid., XXV. 124

[14]:

Ibid., VI. 65; VII. 40

[15]:

Ibid., XXII. 34

[16]:

Ibid., VII. 40, page 101

[17]:

anvarodhi dadhat膩 guru 谤补峁僪补岣� sai峁僪alena rathat膩 pavanena/
saurabh膩dupanatairalicakrairyo鈥檊rasa峁僩atarath膩峁単a iv膩s墨t//
     Ibid., XII. 7, page 162

[18]:

Ibid., VI. 73

[19]:

测补尘补诲奴谤补迟补蝉迟谤颈箩补驳补诲别办补办补耻迟耻办补惫测补惫补丑腻谤补蝉补谤驳补惫颈诲丑颈苍补惫测补惫别诲丑补蝉补峁�/
alak膩vi mudrabahusaudhasauh峁沝膩danime峁�alocanacayeva v墨k峁�ate//
     Ibid., IV. 60, page 57; also IV. 55

[20]:

Ibid., III. 1

[21]:

kuberasakhy膩岣� kakubho lal膩峁璱k膩 yadeti ka艣m墨rapad膩bhidheyat膩峁�/
sat墨saro n膩ma tadasti ma峁囜笉ala峁� vicitrasarg膩vabh峁泃ha岣� praj膩pate岣�// Ibid., III. 1

[22]:

vibh膩vyate s膩ndrahim膩rdram奴rtibhi岣� pravartit膩峁�峁�膩lakamudramadribhi岣�/
ma峁噄vrajai艣varyajitena s奴tritapradak峁�i峁嘺峁� k峁Ｄ玶asarasvateva yat// Ibid., III. 3

[23]:

gu峁嘺irmay奴khairiva 艣uddhimattarairnik膩mamutta峁僺itasarvadi峁卪ukha峁�/
dh峁泃aprasiddhi pravar膩khyay膩 pura峁� vig膩hate yasya kir墨峁璦ratnat膩峁�// Ibid., III. 21

[24]:

鈥樑歳墨nagar墨, the old capital of 碍腻艣尘墨谤补 prior to the erection of Pravarasenapura, is stated to have been founded by the great A艣oka (R膩jatara峁単i峁嚹�, i. 104) who reigned from B.C. 263 to 226鈥︹��.Pravarasenapura or the new capital was built by R膩j膩 Pravarasena II in the beginning of the sixth century. Its site, as already noted, was that of the present capital of 艢r墨nagar. This is determined beyond all possibility of doubt by the very clear and distinct data furnished by the Chinese pilgrim Huen Thsang, and by the Hindu historian Kalha峁嘺 Pa峁囜笉it鈥︹��

Cunningham, Alexander, Ancient Geography of India., part I, pages 110-112, also Stein, Introduction to the translation of R膩jatara峁単i峁嚹�, vol. I, page 84