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40 3. DATE OF Tarkabhasa We have found a tentative date of Kesava Misra i.e. between 1275 A.D. and 1300 A.D. In Tarkabhasa Kesava Misra refers Udayana while he is 20 describing hetvabhasa Udayana flourished at about the end of the 1200 A.D. and thus 1200 A.D. may be looked upon the terminus aqus in the date of the author of the Tarkabhasa Again among the commentaries of Tarkabhasa, whose dates can be determined with some certainty the most popular and earliest commentary is the Chinnambhatta's commentary. He is also known as Chennubhatta, son of Visnudevaradhya.21 He has written the commentary, named Tarkabhasa Prakasika under the Vijaynagara king Harihara, brother of Bukharaya at the later half of the 14th century. This circumstance enables one to fix the terminus ad quem to be 1400A.D. Thus we can say that the author of Tarkabhasa must have flourished at a period between 1200 and 1400 A.D. Again Goverdhana's commentary on Tarkabhasa was published at about 1300 A.D.22 Therefore it can be inferred that the date of Kesava Misra lived before 1300A.D. Besides, we have found that Padmanabha, elder brother of Kesava Misra was posterior to another Naiyayika named Vardhamanopadhyaya. He was the son and disciple of Gangesa and his date was fixed at about 1250 A.D.23 He wrote Kiranavaliprakasa, which is a commentary on Kiranavali of 20. tatra codayanena vyaptasyapaksadharmatapratitih siddhastad- + abhavo'siddhirityasiddhalaksanamuktam. Tarkabhasa of Sri Kesava Misra p. 102. Ibid. p.xx. 21. 22. Hindi Tarkabhasa Bhumika. p. 62. 23. Ibid. p.61.

41 Udayana. But Padmanabha did not satisfied to this commentary and write another Kiranavaliprakasa. Taking this evidence it can be guessed that Padmanabha Misra and Kesava Misra flourished at about 1275A.D. S.C. Vidyabhusana also accepts this tentative date.24 Vardhamanopadhyaya was a scholar of Navya-Nyaya from Maithil branch who was the first commentator of Tarkabhasa 25. This fact leads us to believe that Kesava Misra, the author of Tarkabhasa was flourished approximately at 1275A.D. in Mithila. In another view Cinnambhatta does not seem to be the earliest commentator. If his commentary is compared with the Nyayapradipa of Visvakarman, another commentary of Tarkabhasa, we can not fail to be convinced that Tarkabhasaprakasika is fuller and more detailed than the Nyayapradipa. This agrees with the fact that the long winding complex definitions of certain terms peculiar to the Nyaya and Vaisesika systems, which are an indication of a later age are found almost to a profusion in the commentary of Cinnambhatta, specially in the second half of it, but are clearly visible by their absence in the Nyayapradipa. Probabilities therefore are in favour of the inference that the Nyayapradipa is earlier than the gloss of Cinnambhatta and must be assigned to 1300 A.D.at the latest. This year may be, therefore, looked upon as the terminus ad quem in the date of Kesava Misra, the author of the Tarkabhasa The terminus a quo is furnished by the author himself by his mention of Udayana, who, as shown above, lived about the close of the 10th century. 24. History of Indian Logic p. 381. 25. Tarkabhasa p. 41.

42 Kesava Misra must, therefore, have flourished somewhere between 1000 and 1300 A.D.26