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Fire is defined as that which is the substratum or colour, which has the common substratum with the absolute 4 absence of taste. Sanker Misra has defined fire as that which has the common substratum with colour, but not 1. Prasastapada Bhasya, Page 35. 2. Kesava Misra, Tarka Bhasa, Page 20. 3. Ibid.; Prasastapada Bhasya, Page 36. 4. Udayana, Laksanavali, Page 31.

311 with weight. The definition generally given only enumerates the special characteristics of fire. Fire has the qualities of colour, touch, number, magnitude, distinctness, conjunction, disjunction, remoteness, proximity, acquired fluidity, and velocity. Of these, colour am touch are the only distinctive qualities of fire. It has bright, white colour. It has not touch. These two do not naturally belong to any other bhuta. The fluidity in fire is unnatural; that is, it is found only when strong heat is applied to it, as in the case of all the metals. The appearance of red, yellow and other colours in fire is due to the presence of earthly or watery substances in it. Fire is eternal and non-eternal. The atoms of fire are eternal. The composite fie ry substances are noneternal. The products of fire are bodies, sense-organs, and objects. Fiery bodies are not due to sexual union. They are composed of the parts of earth also, which are subordinated to fire. They are fit for producing pleasure and pain. The visual organ is composed of light. It perceives colour. Fiery objects are of four kinds, earthly, 1. Sanker Misra, Kanadarahasya, Pages 17-18. 2. Vyomasi vacarya, Vyom vati, Pages 255-56.

312 heavenly, intestinal, and mineral. Earthly fire is produced by wood burns, cooks, evaporates, etc. Lightening is heavenly fire. Intestinal fire digests food. Gold, silver and the like are mineral fires. 1 Here the question arises: what is the logie of including metals like gold, etc., under fire. According to the joint-system, solids and minute particles are included in earth; liquids in water; gases in air and combustible substances in fire. Out of solids, metals have been classified in fire. The reason of placing metals under fire is that the metals are good conductor of heat. For example, gold is a metal through which heat can pass from one part to another very quickly. If a unit of heat is passed through gold and water; the rise in temperature in gold would be many times more than that of water. That is why, there is justification of including metals under fire by this joint system. It would be interesting to go in depth of various aspects of fire substantiated with the modern knowledge of science. The science of physics deals with heat, light, sound, electricity and magnetism. Except sound, all the other four are included under fire, in Nyaya Vaisesika system. For example, heat is known in this system as 'Usna Sparsa' 1. Prasastapada Bhasya, Pages 38-39.

313 (hot touch), which is the specific quality of fire. Sun is the primary source of heat. The scientific knowledge has also revealed this truth. The sun consists of Hydrogen and Helium; the former is combustible while the latter is the supporter of combustion. In science, the heat is defined as an agent which produces in us the 1 sensation of warmth," which carries the same meaning as is evident from the term 'Usna Sparsa' of the Nyaya-Valge sika. 'Light' of physics is known as 鈥� Bhas var a-Sukla-rupa' in Nyaya-Vaisesika system, which is also the special quality of fire. Electricity is also a form of fire in this system, though no mention has been made of the application of electricity in its modern form. Magnetism is defined as the force of attraction between a magnet and a magnetic substance. This is a form of energy as all magnetic phenomena are explained in terms of forces between electric charges in motion. Like electricity, it is also included under fire in this joint system. 1. Smith and Cooper, Elements of Physics, McGraw-Hill, London 1964, Page 241. 2. Hogg Johan, C.: Physical Science of High Schools, D. Van Nostrand Company, London, 1951, Page 745.