Nyaya-Vaisheshika categories (Study)
by Diptimani Goswami | 2014 | 61,072 words
This page relates 鈥楳oksha or Liberation鈥� of the study on the Nyaya-Vaisheshika categories with special reference to the Tarkasangraha by Annambhatta. Both Nyaya and Vaisesika are schools of ancient Indian Philosophy, and accepted in their system various padarthas or objects of valid knowledge. This study investigates how the Tarkasamgraha reflects these categories in the combined Nyayavaisesika school.
Go directly to: Footnotes.
惭辞办峁 or Liberation
The 尘辞办峁 (liberation) has the most important place in Indian Philosophy. It is accepted in many schools. 惭辞办峁 is considered to be the highest ideal and end of human life. So, the Indian Philosophical systems are called to be 尘辞办峁-s膩艣tras.
S.N. Dasgupta says that:
鈥淭he doctrine of mukti and karma are the two certain principles which Hindu Philosophy could not deny even in its highest soarings. The notion of mukti is in fact the essence through which all systems of Indian Philosophy revolve.鈥�[3]
According to 痴腻迟蝉测腻测补苍补, 尘辞办峁 or apavarga should consist of complete cessation of the specific qualities of the self.[5] 艢谤墨诲丑补谤补, defines 尘辞办峁 as the cessation of all the special qualities of the self and the attainment of its natural state.[7] The 狈测腻测补 system gives a knowledge of truth for the understanding of the summum bonum of life. It is stated in this system that liberation means absolute freedom from all pain and suffering. The human body with the sense organs feels undesirable, unpleasant, painful feelings. Therefore, in liberation soul becomes released from the body and the sense-organs. It leaves both painful and pleasurable experiences.
Moreover, it ceases to have any experience or consciousness.
鈥淪o in liberation the self exists as a pure substance free from all connection with the body, neither suffering pain, nor enjoying pleasure, nor having consciousness even.鈥�[9]
Liberation may be considered as the state of good sleep, as a state of release from some disease, from some bodily or mental injury. As a whole, liberation is absolute freedom from pain for all time.
According to 痴腻迟蝉测腻测补苍补, liberation is the supreme condition of the soul. It is a state where there is no fear, which is free from decay and change, where there is no death and so on.[11] 艢谤墨诲丑补谤补 holds that the knowledge of reality and the performance of duties are necessary for liberation. It is produced from knowledge.[12] Udayana also maintains the same view on liberation.
Footnotes and references:
[1]:
墨蝉惫补谤补岣� 办腻谤补峁嘺峁� puru峁karm膩phalyadar艣an膩t na puru峁karm膩bh膩ve phal膩ni峁atte岣� tatk膩ritatv膩dahetu岣�. 狈测腻测补s奴tra, 4.1.19-21
[2]:
狈测补测补蝉颈诲诲丑腻苍迟补尘耻办迟腻惫补濒墨, p.210
[4]:
sa 诲惫颈惫颈诲丑补岣� 辫补谤补尘腻迟尘腻 箩墨惫腻迟尘腻 ca. tatre艣vara岣� 蝉补谤惫补箩帽补岣� param膩tmaika eva. 罢补谤办补蝉补峁僩谤补丑补, p.12
[5]:
狈测腻测补bh膩峁a, 1.1.22
[6]:
腻迟尘腻 tu 辫补谤补尘腻迟尘腻 k峁traj帽a艣ceti 诲惫颈惫颈诲丑补岣� 辫补谤补尘腻迟尘腻 墨艣惫补谤补 eka eva. 厂补辫迟补辫补诲腻谤迟丑墨, p.24
[7]:
cf. 狈测腻测补ka峁囜笉al墨, pp. 18-19
[8]:
狈测腻测补bh膩峁a, 4.1.21
[9]:
Chatterjee, S.C. and Datta, D.M., An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, p. 207.
[10]:
Chatterjee, S.C. and Datta, D.M., An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, p.210 ideal and end of human life. So, the Indian Philosophical systems are called to be 尘辞办峁-s膩艣tras. S.N. Dasgupta says that 鈥淭he doctrine of mukti and karma are the two certain principles which Hindu Philosophy could not deny even in its highest soarings.
[11]:
狈测腻测补bh膩峁a, on 狈测腻测补s奴tra, 1.1.22
[12]:
j帽膩nakara峁嘺samuccay膩diti vad膩ma岣�. 狈测腻测补ka峁囜笉al墨, p. 683