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In the caksusa and in the Manvantaras preceding it, there were no food-grains, no cattle-breeding etc. But from the time of Vainya onwards, in the Vaivasvata Manvantara, all these came into being. The king Prthu milched the earth in the form of a cow who yielded the milk in the form of foodj 1 Majumdar Girija Prasanna: Food, Indian Culture, Vol.I, 1934-35, PP. 407-408.

397 grains (4.94-98). The annadana is considered to be the best among one all the danas and the Brahma Purana devotes one whole adhyaya in eulogising the annadana(A.218). The Brahma Purana states that one should not use the things which are very sour, saline, bitter, pangent, as they constitute the food for the asuras.2 But the things which are clean (Mrsta) and oily (snigdha), which are slightly pungent and sour, should be offered as they consist a fitting meal for gods (221.183-186). The food that is long stale or that is not fresh must be avoided, because of the change that occurs in it. The things that are visibly salty should also be avoided (221.28,56). The Brahma Purana states that the things which are prohibited should not be used and that it was better to eat one's gun own flesh than to use the prohibited things. One who has eaten the prohibited things unknowingly should expiate with fruits, herbs, curds, milk, takra (butter milk mixed with a third part of water), urine of cow, and barley-food (Yavaka), once a week (220.199-203). The ugranna i.e. the pungent food or the food from an ugra, the food obtained from a troop (Gananna), the food given away by proclamation (Chustanna) and the food of a sudra should never be taken (223.23). A brahmin who dies with the food of a sudra in his belly becomes a sudra. The man gets his birth whose food is in his body at the time of his death (223.24-27). 2(220.183) -, the reading of the ms. 'kha',viz. seems to be better. 'Atitikta'

398 The Sadrasanna is referred to (20-95), The sadras are sweet, bitter, pungent, astringent, sour and salina. There is a reference to cooks. Thus if it is said that Mayavati supervised the cooks of Sambarasura (200.5,6). In the worship, the naivedya was offered to gods (28.47). There is a reference to the eating of leaves. Thus it is said that Ekaparna, Himalaya's daughter, practised penance eating only one leaf, Ekapatala eating only one Patala, and Aparna practised austerities without eating anything (34.83-85). This shows that leaves did not constitute the food of people ordinarily and that it was considered very difficult to maintain oneself on leaves. In the Bhavisyalathana it is said that men would eat dry leaves and fruits and that men would quarrel with each other for cooked food (230.75-77). Further it is said that one who does not give food to the brahmin who has resorted to him and feeds another brahmin is destroyed (220.138). Again those who though having food do not give it to the poor, blind, Bhiksuka, and guests and ignore those who ask for it go to hell (225.10-13). Regulations were to be observed regarding the time of taking the food. A Grhastha is advised to eat ad after worshipping the ancestors, gods, men and others (221.26-28). And a man should always eat his food, facing the east or the north, with his mouth well-rinsed out, restraining his speech,

399 pure, with his mind intent on his food and with his face between his knees (221.27). A man should not eat while he is clad in a single garment (221.33). The 'ucchista' food should be avoided (221.28). rinsing out his mouth and he should not carry on any conversation while he has remains of food in his mouth (221.29,30). After reverencing his guests, he should take his food morning and evening (221.48). One should not eat when he has not taken a bath, when he is reposing, nor while thinking of other things, nor when sitting on his bed or on the earth, nor when making a scund, nor without giving to the spectators but a man should eat evening and morning according to rule after taking a bath (221.58-60). The annotsargas, Dadhikulyas, payasahrdas, are referred to (47.61). While describing the sacrifice of Daksa, it is said that there were mountain-sized heaps of divine food and drinks, rivers of milk, the trees of ghee and pay asa, divine Madhumandodakas and Khandasarkaravalukas, and the rivers of jaggery flowing with the six rasas and various types of meal and other licked food (Lehya) and the food which can be sucked or which is dried up by internal inflammation (Cosya) (39.62-64). One should not eat anything while As regards the oily substances, ghee (sarpisa and ghrta) and oil of sesamum seed are mostly referred to (67.27), (29.35). The sesamum,oil is considered to be holy and the dana of sesamum-cow is considered

400 to be very meritorious (29.37). The oily vessels are said to be cleansed with hot water and the avika cloth and hair are cleansed with white mustard (siddhartha) and sesame (Tilakafka) (221.117,118).