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The 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 deal with the issues raised in Vedas and other scriptures. The key points of 骋峁沨测补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 like householders dharma, the 16 domestic rites etc. also described here. The laws existing in the society, judicial systems are also mentioned. They clearly draw the picture of the society. 骋峁沨测补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 describes the conduct of various rituals carried out at home, yearly 测补箩帽补蝉, marriage rites, 辫耻峁僺补惫补苍补, 箩腻迟补办补谤尘补, upanayana duties of a 蝉苍腻迟补办补, madhuparka, 艣谤腻诲诲丑补 rites etc. That is, they bring out almost all the major and minor events that are to happen in one鈥檚 social life. But the laws and customs that are to be practiced in a society in general are not mentioned. On the contrary 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补 literature talks of these too. They, at times, explain the duties of a person in a society. Also points out the things that a person should carry out in his practical life.

The subjects in the 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 are a little more social and ethical. Dharma and their derivatives, the four 惫补谤峁嘺蝉, their customs, duties, the four 腻艣谤补尘补蝉 of one鈥檚 life namely brahmacarya, 驳腻谤丑补蝉迟丑测补, 惫腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑补 and 蝉补苍苍测腻蝉补, duties of a 蝉苍腻迟补办补, the 艣谤腻诲诲丑补 rites, vows, debts, legal proceedings, duties of kings, women, sons, dowry etc. are detailed in 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补蝉.

The detailing and the arrangement of topics in each 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 are not uniform. Gautama 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补 is divided into three 辫谤补艣苍补蝉 and each 辫谤补艣苍补 is again divided into several chapters. Each chapter contains a number of 蝉奴迟谤补蝉, and being styled as 补诲丑测腻测补. 叠补耻诲丑腻测补苍补 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补 is divided into four 辫谤补艣苍补蝉. Each 辫谤补艣苍补 is subdivided in to several chapters; these are named as 补诲丑测腻测补s. Each 补诲丑测腻测补 is again divided as 办丑补峁囜笉补蝉 (section). 膧pasta峁僢a 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补 is divided into two 辫谤补艣苍补蝉. Each 辫谤补艣苍补 is divided into 辫补峁璦濒补蝉, and again divided into 办补峁囜笉颈办补蝉.

The life of a person is divided into four 腻艣谤补尘补蝉 as brahmacarya, 驳腻谤丑补蝉迟丑测补, 惫腻苍补辫谤补蝉迟丑补 and 厂补苍苍测腻蝉补. Out of these 驳腻谤丑补蝉迟丑测补 has the most prominence. Gautama,^[1] 膧辫补蝉迟补尘产补, 叠补耻诲丑腻测补苍补 give importance to the 驳腻谤丑补蝉迟丑测补. Almost all cultures and customs are associated with 驳腻谤丑补蝉迟丑测补. All human developments, reproduction etc. fulfill through this 腻艣谤补尘补. It is the duty of the 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补 to worship God, 辫颈迟峁涐箖蝉, humans, 峁涐梗颈蝉 etc. Hence all other 腻艣谤补尘颈峁僺 depends upon the 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补. The dharmas of a 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补 are equally important as the 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补 himself. All important events in a person鈥檚 life are related with the 峁�o诲补艣补 蝉补峁僺办腻谤补. 峁�oda艣a 蝉补峁僺办腻谤补 is an important feature of the var峁嚹迮洶�补尘�� system. To sum up, the proper construction of an orderly society 驳腻谤丑补蝉迟丑测补 played a vital role, strict observance of custom was the prime norm.

Atithi-蝉补辫补谤测腻, 诲腻苍补 etc. are important duties of a 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补. It is the prime duty of a householder to give support to those who are afflicted, patients and the poor. He must help everyone who is needy. A householder eats only after giving food to his atithis, children, patients, pregnant women, daughter, woman, aged people, servants etc.

In the monastic system atithi-蝉补辫补谤测腻, respecting and paying homage to teachers and eminent personalities are considered as the common duty of a householder. The practices of pa帽camah膩测补箩帽补蝉 are equally important as the practice of 峁�o诲补艣补 蝉补峁僺办腻谤补s. This is included in the daily rites of a householder. A householder is obliged to perform the pa帽camah膩测补箩帽补蝉. All the evils that a householder commits knowingly or unknowingly are believed to be destroyed with the practice of pa帽camah膩测补箩帽补蝉. 骋峁沨测补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 and 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补蝉 discuss pa帽camah膩测补箩帽补蝉 with much importance. It is believed that peace and heaven will be assured by entertaining atithis. Atithi-蝉补辫补谤测腻 is one of the daily rites of a householder. Hence it is also known as 笔谤腻箩腻辫补迟测补测补箩帽补.^[2] 膧丑补惫补苍墨测腻驳苍颈, 骋腻谤丑补辫补迟测腻驳苍颈 and 顿补办峁�i峁嚹乬苍颈 are the three fires out of which 膧丑补惫补苍墨测腻驳苍颈. A lot of fortunes will befall on the householder who performs atithi-蝉补辫补谤测腻 well. The custom of providing comforts to an atithi is believed to be equal to 测补箩帽补. The practice of giving food three times in 笔谤腻箩腻辫补迟测补测补箩帽补 is considered as three savanas in 测补箩帽补. Going towards an atithi is considered as the 耻诲补惫补蝉腻苍墨测别峁ａ弓颈. The sweet words spoken to an atithi equals in rank to the 诲补办峁�i峁嘺. Accompanying an atithi when he leaves, is 痴颈峁ａ箛耻办谤补尘补. Returning after leaving the atithi is believed to be equal to 补惫补产丑峁泃丑补. From these the close connection with the daily life of a 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补 can be seen. This also represents the supreme position enjoyed by an atithi in the society.

The practice of 痴补颈艣惫补诲别惫补 rite is an important aspect of a householder鈥檚 duty. In addition to this the 艣谤腻诲诲丑补 rites and other duties of 驳峁沨补蝉迟丑补 are described in detail.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

aiky膩艣ramya峁� tv膩c膩rya岣� | pratyak峁�avidh膩n膩d 驳腻谤丑补蝉迟丑测补syaiva | Gautama 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补, 1.3.35

[2]:

sa e峁�a 辫谤腻箩腻辫补迟测补岣� ku峁璾mbino yaj帽o nityapratata岣� | 膧pasta峁僢a 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补, 2.3.7.1