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RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE The general plan of a residential house is narrated in the Matsya Purana Chapter 258. It mentions the building of houses of four salas, three salas, two salas and one sala. salas The building Catussala has four doorways, one in each direction and it is encircled by an enclosure wall (alinda). Five kinds of Catussala houses are mentioned. (1) If the palace or temple is made into a Catussala, (2) (3) (4) (5) it is known as Sarvatobhadra and considered auspicious. A house having three entrances i. e. if the Western doorway does not exist is known as Nandyavarta. A mansion that has three entrances i... if there is no Southern gateway is known as Vardhamana. The one without any gate towards the East is known as Swastika. Rucaka has three entrances except in the North. A slightly unsymmetrical building is known as trisala or Dhanyaka. A mansion having no wing to its east is known as Suksetra. Dr. Ajay Mitra Shastri states that the general plan of residential house in the Gupta period seems to have been based on a courtyard surrounded by chambers (sala) on one (Eksala), two (dvisala), three (trisala) and four sides (Catussala). He further says that the Catussala houses seem to have been very popular in the Gupta age. The Matsya Purana and the BrhatSanhita belong to the same period 1... 4 th century A.D. 89 Besides the Dhanyaka and the Suksetra buildings there

- 189 are two more namely Visala and Paksaghna of the Tri'sala Class. A mansion without any wing to the South and whose rooms are big is known as Visala and the one without its western wing is known as Paksaghna. These two were regarded as inauspicious. A mansion having only two rooms on the west is very auspicious (Dvisalaka). The Dvisalaka structure is of five kinds. viz. Yamasurya, Danda, Dhana, Siddhartha and Vajrayukta. A mansion having rooms on the West and the North is known as Yemasurya. The one having rooms on the north and east is known as Danda. The one having rooms on the east and south is known as Dhana. Siddhartha and Vajrayuka are always to be avoided. 90 After this we are introduced to the building of royal mansions of which five kinds are distinguished according to their respective size. The best is one with 108 hands in breadth by 135 hands in length. The other four types are each of them eight hands less respectively. The length of all these is 1-1/4 of their breadth. Measurements are furnished for the 91 mansions of the Yuvaraja, Senapati, Chief Minister, other Ministers and officials and the members of the four castes. The same measurements are found prescribed in the Brhat Samhita. Details are then given about the doors, joints and 92 pillars of different sizes. The Purana states that the walls should be of well-burnt bricks, as timber and mud are inferior 93 and cannot stand for long time. Thus stress was laid on the strength and stability of a house. If the Vithika (a pathway) is made at the front of the house, it is called Sosnisa. Its width should be 1/3 rd of the Sala. The classification

- 170 of dwellings is made according to the location of this Vithika. The structure Sosnisa is called 'Pascat sreyocchraya'. The vithika of the Savastambha and Susthita is to the East, West, South and North and on all sides respectively. The 1 st storey of the house should be 1/6 th of the width with an addition of four cubits and the height of each of the following upper storeys ( bhumi ) should be diminished by 1/12 th of the preceding one. Chapter 105 of the Agni Purana is titled 'Grhadivastukathanam'. Here we find the Mansions known as Danda, Vata, and 94 Grhavali. A mansion occupying the northern and eastern part of the ground is known as Danda, while the one built on the Eastern and the Western part is named Vata. A mansion occupying the Western and the north-western part of the ground is called Grhavali, while one without the wing on the West is called Trisala. A structure devoid of its Eastern Wing is styled as Suksetra. A three winged building constructed without the rows of rooms on the north is called Suli. A Trisala built without its wing on the west is considered fatal to the descendents of the consecrator. The Purana states that the house should have two, three, four, or eight rows or wings; or on the contrary it should consist of a single row of rooms only.95