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The enumeration of external morphology unveils the existant scientific knowledge of the author's era and also indicates that morphology preceded taxonomy. These morphological patterns are drawn for plants by Amarasi峁僪a. The following sub-titles are given to plants based on their appearance.

(a) Classification of plants:

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 classifies plants as 痴腻苍补蝉辫补迟测补, Vanaspati and 翱峁�a诲丑颈. 痴腻苍补蝉辫补迟测补s are those plants that produce fruits from flowers. Vanaspati^[1] is that which produces fruits without flowering. Perhaps in the Vanaspatis the flowers are not apparent but the fruits. 翱峁�a诲丑颈s are those which dry up after fruition. All these do not carry any explanation by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 The other kind of classification into trees, shrubs, creepers followed in 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 with explanations by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍, are as below:

(b) 痴峁沰峁�a (II. 4. 5; pp. 80-1)鈥�

[Tree:]

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 gives 13 words to denote a tree. The etymologies of 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 reveal that some of the synonyms are morphological definitions of a tree while some are physiological as listed below.

惭辞谤辫丑辞濒辞驳测鈥�艣腻办丑墨鈥�That which has branches, 腻驳补尘补岣� na gacchatyagama岣�鈥揟hat which does not move about.

笔丑测蝉颈辞濒辞驳测鈥�辫腻诲补辫补岣� 膩峁卍hripa岣� p膩dairm奴lai岣� pibati 辫腻诲补辫补岣� evama峁卍hripa岣� That which drinks through the roots. This reveals that the ancients had the knowledge that the roots absorbed water and supplied it to various parts of the plant, otherwise known as the ascent of sap.

罢补虫辞苍辞尘测鈥�v峁浥沜yate chidyate 惫峁沰峁�a岣� v峁沰峁�ati v峁涐箛oti v膩 | That which breaks or covers; taru, anokah膩, druma are popular names hence catagorized under taxonomy. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 also adds kuja and agaccha to denote a tree鈥�kujo'gaccho'pi |

(c) 础辫谤补办腻峁囜笉补 (II. 4. 9; p. 81)鈥�

[Shrub:]

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 explains a shrub as, that which is devoid of large trunks, with multitude of leaves and branches, possessing a stunted growth or stambha鈥�

prak膩峁囜笉o ga峁囜笉astadrahite udbhidvi艣e峁�a岣� stambast峁涐箛asa峁僩h膩to v膩 ti峁ａ弓hat墨ti 蝉迟丑补岣� |

(d) 痴补濒濒墨 (II. 49; p. 81)鈥�

[Creeper:]

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 describes 惫补濒濒墨 as that which twines and cites 驳耻岣嵟玞墨 and 尘腻诲丑补惫墨 creepers as examples鈥�

valate ve峁ａ弓ate 惫补濒濒墨 gu岣嵟玞y膩dirm膩dhavy膩di艣ca |

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 adds a note that the word 濒补迟腻 which is used for a creeper also sometimes denotes the branch of a tree and quotes 艢腻艣惫补迟补 (475) in this regard鈥�

v峁沰峁�a艣腻办丑腻pi 濒补迟腻, 测补肠肠丑腻艣惫补迟补:鈥�濒补迟腻 vratatir膩khy膩t膩 濒补迟腻 艣腻办丑腻 ca艣膩khin膩m |

(e) 痴墨谤耻诲 (II. 4. 9; p. 81)鈥�

[Spreading creeper:]

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 observes that a wide spreading creeper is denoted as 痴墨谤耻诲 and quotes 碍腻迟测补 who also opines the same鈥�

濒补迟腻n膩m prat膩no'styasy膩岣� 辫谤补迟腻苍颈苍墨 v膩 濒补迟腻 virut |
测补迟办腻迟测补岣�鈥�
惫墨谤耻迟蝉惫补辫补谤峁嘺箩补峁璱濒腻 prat膩na艣atag膩min墨 |

础辫谤补办腻峁囜笉补, 惫补濒濒墨 and 惫墨谤耻诲 are defined based only on their morphology.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

This is redundant as modern Science shows that all plants flower and the flowers of such trees are invisible.