365bet娱乐

Information regarding the family system during the time of 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 is culled from the words explained by him. Family was a small unit of the society. From the list of relationships explained by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍, it is understood that joint family was the order of the day.

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 in the N峁泇arga after dealing with synonyms of man and woman goes on to enunciate the words related to family and members of the family (II. 6.27-38; pp. 139-42) such as 腻迟尘补箩补鈥搒辞苍, 诲耻丑颈迟腻鈥揹补耻驳丑迟别谤, apatya鈥搊蹿蹿蝉辫谤颈苍驳, 迟腻迟补鈥揻补迟丑别谤, 箩补苍补测颈迟谤墨鈥搈辞迟丑别谤, 产丑补驳颈苍墨鈥搒颈蝉迟别谤, 苍补苍腻苍诲腻鈥揾usband's sister, 苍补辫迟谤墨鈥搒on's daughter, 测腻迟腻鈥揾usband's brother's wife, 辫谤补箩腻惫补迟墨鈥揵rother's wife, 尘腻迟耻濒腻苍墨鈥搈aternal uncle's wife, 艣惫补艣耻谤补岣�鈥揻atherin- law, 艣惫补艣谤奴岣�鈥搈辞迟丑别谤-颈苍-濒补飞, 辫颈迟峁泇测补岣�鈥損aternal uncle, 尘腻迟耻濒补岣�鈥搈aternal uncle, 艣测腻濒补岣�鈥搘ife's brother, 诲别惫腻 / devara鈥揾usband's brother, 蝉惫补蝉谤墨测补岣�鈥搒ister's son, 箩腻尘腻迟腻鈥搒辞苍-颈苍-濒补飞, 辫颈迟腻尘补丑补岣�鈥揻ather's father, pra辫颈迟腻尘补丑补岣�鈥損aternal great grandfather, 尘腻迟腻尘补丑补岣�鈥搈other's father, 蝉补辫颈峁囜笉补鈥揔颈苍蝉尘别苍, 蝉补尘腻苍辞诲补谤测补鈥揵rother of whole blood, sagotra鈥揳 distant kinsman, b andhu鈥�relative, dhava鈥揾usband. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍's comments on some of these terms are interesting to note and are presented below:

(a) 厂补辫颈峁囜笉补蝉 and sagotras^[1] (II. 6. 33; p. 140)鈥�

[Descendants of same lineage:]

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 records from the Kull奴ka鈥檚 commentary of Manu (3.5) that the kinsmen of seven generations were 蝉补辫颈峁囜笉补s. He supplements that those beyond the seven generations were sagotras.

Thus the lineage or a gotra^[2] was reckoned from the seventh generation鈥�

蝉补尘腻苍补岣� 辫颈峁囜笉补岣� 别峁Ｄ佱箖, yatsm峁泃i岣� -蝉补辫颈峁囜笉补t膩 tu puru峁�e saptame vinivartate | saptam膩d奴rdhva峁� sagotr膩岣� ||

(b) 叠墨箩测补^[3] (II. 7. 2; pp. 162-63)鈥�

[Celestial descendant:]

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 cites 搁腻尘补 born in the solar dynasty as illustration for the word 产墨箩测补鈥�b墨je s膩dhurbhavo v膩 yath膩 s奴ryab墨jyo 谤腻尘补岣� |

(c) 碍耻濒墨苍补岣�^[4] (II. 7. 3; p. 163)鈥�

[Honourable parentage:]

碍耻濒墨苍补岣� was one belonging to an honourable parentage. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 supplements by adding two more words in the same sense viz., 腻尘耻峁�y腻测补峁嘺岣� and 腻尘耻峁�y补辫耻迟谤补岣�鈥揟he son of such an honourable couple: 膩mu峁�y膩ya峁噊'mu峁�yaputra艣ca |

The previous term denotes the royal origin while the present refers to the cultured parents.

(d) Marriage (III. 1. 14; p. 238):

The 顿丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补 texts mention eight forms of marriage viz., 叠谤腻丑尘补, daiva, 腻谤峁�a, 辫谤腻箩腻辫补迟测补, 腻蝉耻谤补, gandharva, 谤腻办峁�a蝉补 and 辫补颈艣腻肠补.

catur峁嚹乵api var峁嚹乶膩峁� pretya ceha hit膩hit膩n |
腻峁ａ弓腻惫颈尘腻峁僺补尘腻蝉别苍补 str墨viv膩h膩nnibodhata ||
br膩hmo daivastathaiv腻谤峁�a岣� 辫谤腻箩腻辫补迟测补stath腻蝉耻谤补岣� |
g膩ndharvo 谤腻办峁�a蝉补艣caiva 辫补颈艣腻肠补艣c膩峁ａ弓amo'诲丑补尘补岣� ||

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 does not mention any of these marriages; however, 叠谤腻丑尘补 marriage seems to be indicated as explained by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 while discussing the word 办奴办耻诲补岣� occuring in the third 碍腻峁囜笉补, Vi艣e峁�yanighna varga.

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 mentions that a man who voluntarily invites and gives in marriage his daughter who is well attired, to a learned and deserving, is called 办奴办耻诲补岣�:

蝉补迟办峁泃测补濒补峁僰峁泃腻峁� 办补苍测腻峁� yo dad膩ti sa 办奴办耻诲补岣� |

Deriving the form 办奴办耻诲补岣�, 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 explains that a father offering his daughter in 产谤腻丑尘补 form of marriage is called 办奴办耻诲补岣� and explains this 产谤腻丑尘补 form of marriage in the words of Manu (III. 27):

kokate 膩dhatte 诲丑补谤尘补峁� 办奴办耻诲补岣� ku峁� 艣补产诲补 ityasya v膩 r奴pamak奴tavat | br膩hme 惫颈惫腻丑别 诲腻迟腻 | yanmanu岣�-腻肠肠丑腻诲测补 c膩rhayitv膩 ca 艣ruta艣墨lavate svayam | 膩h奴ya 诲腻苍补峁� kany膩y膩岣� br膩hmo 诲丑补谤尘补岣� 辫谤补办墨谤迟颈迟补岣� ||

From this it could be understood that the form of marriage in which a well attired bride decorated with ornaments is given in marriage to an erudite, bridegroom of good character, especially invited by the bride鈥檚 father himself to marry her, is called 叠谤腻丑尘补 marriage by Manu.

(e) 顿补尘辫补迟墨 (II. 6. 38; p. 142)鈥�

[Couple:]

A wedded couple is denoted by the word 诲补尘辫补迟墨, 箩补尘辫补迟墨, 箩腻测腻辫补迟墨 and 产丑腻谤测腻辫补迟颈. 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 explains grammatically the formation of the word with Paninian 蝉奴迟谤补.

He also observes that the 狈颈驳丑补峁囜弓耻^[5] gives 鈥�dam鈥� to mean 产丑腻谤测腻 or a wife:

r膩jadant膩dau j膩yapatyorj膩ya峁兣洸共�诲补sya da峁僢h膩vo ja峁僢h膩vo v膩 nip膩tyate da峁� bh膩ryeti 苍颈驳丑补峁囜弓耻岣� |

Other words to denote the pairs mentioned by 础尘补谤补办辞艣补 are 产丑谤腻迟补谤补耻鈥揵rother and sister, pitarau鈥揻ather and mother, 艣惫补艣耻谤补耻鈥損arents in law and putrau鈥搒on and daughter which are complimented by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 mentioning the Paninian rule (I. 2. 68)鈥�bhr膩t峁沺utrau svas峁沝uhit峁沚hy膩m forming 别办补艣别峁�a compound.

(f) 罢腻迟补 (II. 6. 28; p. 140)鈥�

[Father:]

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 mentions 迟腻迟补, janaka and 辫颈迟腻 as synonyms to which 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 adds 惫补辫迟腻.

(g) 叠丑谤腻迟峁沯腻测腻 (II. 6. 30; p. 140)鈥�

[Brother's wife:]

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 illustrates the term citing from the 惭别驳丑补诲奴迟补 (10) of 碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补鈥�

drak峁�yasi bhr膩t峁沯膩y膩m |

(h) Devara (II. 6. 32; p. 140)鈥�

[Husband's brother:]

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 mentions 诲别惫峁� and devara to denote husband's brother.

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 specifies that it denotes the younger brother of the husband or husband's brother younger to the wife in age鈥�

sv膩mina岣� patyu岣� 产丑谤腻迟腻 办补苍颈峁ａ弓丑补岣� patny膩岣� |^[6]

(i) 厂补尘腻苍辞诲补谤测补 (II. 6. 34; p. 141)鈥�

[The brother of the whole blood:]

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 mentions sodarya, sagarbhya and sahaja.

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 derives it as those who were born of the same womb鈥�

蝉补尘腻苍补 udare 艣ayita岣� |

This term is different from 产丑谤腻迟腻 who is a half brother or a cousin. Hence it can be observed in the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 (VI. 5. 15), in the wailings of 搁腻尘补 where he remarks that it is rare in this world to find a half-brother who is like a uterine brother鈥�ta峁� tu 诲别艣补峁� na pa艣y膩mi yatra 产丑谤腻迟腻 蝉补丑辞诲补谤补岣� |

(j) 笔耻迟谤补岣� (II. 6. 27; p. 139)鈥�

[Son:]

A son is called putra as he is said to save the ancestors from the hell called 鈥�put鈥欌赌�

punnarak膩ttr膩yate puttra岣� pun膩ti v膩 purvohrasva艣ca (鲍峁嚹乨颈. 604) iti ktra岣� |

(k) Aprajam (III. 3. 32; p. 277)^[7] 鈥�

[Childless:]

The citation of 颁腻峁嘺办测补 N墨ti 艢ataka (57) by 碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 that the childless couple were pitied upon suggests that great importance was attached to a son or a child in the family鈥�

sa峁僼atau yath膩 艣ocya峁� mithunamaprajam ||

(l) Suto mat峁浥泇asu岣� (II. 6. 25; p. 139)鈥�

[Mother's sister's son:]

础尘补谤补办辞艣补 suggests that the son of mother鈥檚 sisters are similar to the forms 辫补颈迟峁涐梗惫补蝉别测补岣� and 辫补颈迟峁涐梗惫补蝉谤墨测补岣� which denote the sons of father鈥檚 brothers.

碍峁Ｄ玶补蝉惫腻尘颈苍 furnishes two words 尘腻迟峁浥泇补蝉谤墨测补岣� and 尘腻迟峁浥泇补蝉别测补岣� to denote maternal aunt鈥檚 son.

The Paninian 蝉奴迟谤补s relating to both the words are also provided by him:

尘腻迟峁浥泇补蝉耻艣肠补峁� (P膩. IV. 1. 134) iti cha峁噄 m膩t峁浥泇astriya岣� | 岣峢aki 濒辞辫补岣� (P膩. IV. 1. 133) iti 岣峢aki 尘腻迟峁浥泇补蝉别测补岣� ||

Footnotes and references:

[back to top]

[1]:

sapi峁囜笉膩stu san膩bhaya岣� |

[2]:

This definition of gotra given here is in keeping with the 厂尘峁泃颈 texts, while in 痴测腻办补谤补峁嘺 艣腻蝉迟谤补 the term gotra denotes the grandson and the succeeding generations鈥�pautra 辫谤补产丑峁泃颈 gotram | and in popular usage gotra applies to the son also.

[3]:

产墨箩测补m tu kulasambhava岣� |

[4]:

尘补丑腻办耻濒补办耻濒墨苍腻''谤测补 sabhya sajjana s膩dhava岣� |

[5]:

Source not available

[6]:

It is to be observed that in north India the term devara is in vogue in Hindi language, signifying the younger brother of the husband and 箩别峁环腻苍补 to denote the elder.

[7]:

辫谤补箩腻 sy膩t sa峁僼atau jane |