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The name for ammonium chloride in Chinese is "Nao Sha" and it is usually written as shi sha 8 Stillman, J. M., see Secondary Sources, p. 29.

139 The significance of the characters used for "Nao Sha" is not clearly understood and there exists a wide difference of opinion about this point among the scholars. suggest the Arabic word "Nausadr" as the origin of "Nao Sha". Some Further, the fact that there were various other ways of writing the word "Nao Sha" at various times suggests that it was not probably a Chinese word but a transliteration of a word from some foreign language and the writers were, therefore, free to have their own choice 9 of characters in their transliterations. writes: While discussing the case of Nao Sha, Needham There were four different ways of writing the character for Sal-ammoniac, "Nao" in Pre-Tang times. During the Tang (7 th to 10 th century AD), nine more were added, some were purely phonetic with no visually relevant component in the character at all.10 In Wu Dai and Song times we find seven more. Zhang Hong-zhao considers that all the forms of "Nao" were derived from 10. Needham, Joseph (1), Vol. 5, Pt. 4, pp. 439-445. The various forms of "Nao" as used in different times are given below: 1 Ta 2 xin

Nao shi nao and Zhang suggested that this character was borrowed as a substitute for Nao nao the brain, to give the sound in Nao. FN. 10 continued 3 shi 4 mie 5 shi 6 nong 7 nong 00 8 jing 9 dan 10 xiang 11 shi 12 gang 13 shi 14 shi gang 15 shi 140

141 "Nava Sara" is the name for sal ammoniac in Sanskrit and it is possible that the Chinese "Nao Sha" was derived from it. Words like "Navasagara" (which is used until this day), Narasara and Navasaraka were also common in Sanskrit. (Nava is new and sara means essence or pith.) "Saragha "11 was also a name for Sal-ammoniac in Sanskrit alchemical texts. "Saragha" means a bee and this name was given to Sal ammoniac for its astringent taste (like a bee-bite). Out of the above synonyms "Navasara" was the most commonly used in Sanskrit and other Indian languages. The "Nava" part of the word was probably transliterated as Nao 鈽� The shi part to give ' as Zhang Hong-zhao has suggested. part signifying it as a salt and the the sound in Nao FJ It is significant that the character used for "Sara" was "sha" which was the same as the one used in other transliterations from Sanskrit to Chinese, e.g., Shamana (meaning Buddhist monk). 11 See "Caraka Samhita" in Primary Sources, p. 28. Sara is given as (pith) of the category "udbhid", i.e., substances "originating from plant". Further Rasaratnasamuccaya gives the method of preparation of ammonium chloride, 'i.e., Navasara, by decomposing plants like bamboo or careya Arborea wood. Probably its origin in plants gave Nava Sara its name as "new (pith) essence".

Thus, Sha mana Sha men xiao Navasara Nao Sha Eg shi sha Probably the Arabic word "Nausadr" also has its origin in the Sanskrit word "Navasara" for Sal ammoniac. 142