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General information.

Vidura was a superhuman being, very famous in the story of 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, as a brother of 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补, as a man of colossal intelligence who had been closely watching the goings and comings of the Kauravas and the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉, as the adviser of 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补, and as a man of immense learning and wisdom.

Incarnation af Dharmadeva.

There is a story in 惭补丑腻-叠丑腻谤补迟补, 膧di Parva, Chapter 107, which describes Vidura as born from a portion of Dharmadeva. The story is given below.

Long ago there was a hermit called 惭腻峁囜笉补惫测补 in India. As he was standing in deep meditation near his hermitage, the men of the King chased some thieves and came to the place where the hermit stood. The robbers placed the stolen property near the hermit and ran away. The king鈥檚 men caught the hermit, and the thieves. The King ordered them to be placed on a trident. The thieves died on the trident. But 惭腻峁囜笉补惫测补 was not dead. The King sawed the trident and got 惭腻峁囜笉补惫测补 down. The hermit went to Dharmadeva and asked him what his blame was for suffering the punishment of the trident on him. Dharmadeva replied that the punishment was inflicted for a cruel deed he had done in his childhood. He had caught some flies and made a bunch of them by piercing them with the rib of a coconut-palm leaf. But 惭腻峁囜笉补惫测补 argued that Dharmadeva was not right in punishing him because the 艢腻蝉迟谤补蝉 and rules of righteousness said that mistakes committed by boys below the age of twelve could not be considered to be sins. Further he cursed Dharmadeva that he would take birth on the earth from the womb of a 艢奴诲谤腻. Accordingly Dharmadeva took birth from the womb of the servant of 础尘产颈办腻 and 础尘产腻濒颈办腻.

Birth.

Vidura was born as the brother of 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 and 笔腻峁囜笉耻. (For detailed story see under 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 I, para 2).

Up to marriage.

顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补, 笔腻峁囜笉耻 and Vidura spent their younger days in 贬补蝉迟颈苍腻辫耻谤补 as inseparable brothers. Their teacher was 叠丑墨峁�m补. Vidura learned the Vedas, 艢腻蝉迟谤补蝉, 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, 滨迟颈丑腻蝉补蝉 etc. also, along with the education given to a prince such as archery, club-fight, sword-fight, wrestling, controlling elephants etc. He understood that to be righteous was far better than fighting. It is stated in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, 膧di Parva, Chapter 108, that Vidura got the sense of righteousness, and education in fighting, at the same time.

Childhood ended. As Vidura was born to a Brahmin by a 艢奴诲谤腻 woman he had no right to become King. When he grew up, the duty to find a wife for him fell on 叠丑墨峁�m补. At that time a damsel born to a Brahmin by a 艢奴诲谤腻 woman was being brought up in the palace of King Devaka. With the permission of Devaka, 叠丑墨峁�m补 brought the girl and gave her in marriage to Vidura. It is stated in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, 膧di Parva, Chapter 114, that sons and daughters were born to the couple.

Partiality towards the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉.

Vidura was the most intelligent and wisest man of his time, and he always favoured righteousness. Though he viewed the Kauravas and the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 with equal favour, in his heart he felt some partiality towards the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉, because they were virtuous, whereas the Kauravas were becoming more and more wicked. As this partiality arose from his sense of righteousness, nobody could blame Vidura for this. His aim was the prosperity of the Lunar dynasty of Kings.

Many ill omens were seen at the time of the birth of Duryodhana. Vidura understood that if that infant grew up he would be a comet to the Lunar dynasty. It is mentioned in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, 膧di Parva, Chapter 115, that Vidura advised 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 that it would be better for him to throw away that infant.

The death of 笔腻峁囜笉耻 drew Vidura closer to the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. Vidura took the lead in performing the funeral rites and other ceremonies which followed. The 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. were very sad and miserable at the death of their father. It was at this time that Duryodhana poisoned 叠丑墨尘补蝉别苍补, tied him with a rope and threw him into the river Ganges. 叠丑墨尘补蝉别苍补 was carried to the world of 苍腻驳补蝉 (serpents). 碍耻苍迟墨 felt grieved at the loss of her son 叠丑墨尘补, but Vidura consoled her.

It was due to the wisdom of Vidura that the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 escaped from the disaster in the lac-house. As soon as Duryodhana had completed the lac-house, Vidura understood the deception lying hidden under it. and he informed the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 of everything about it. Moreover he sent a man named Khanaka and made an underground passage from the lac-house. When the lac-house was burnt down, the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 escaped by the under-ground passage and reached the banks of the Ganges. Vidura had sent a ferryman secretly to take them to the other side of the Ganges. When 叠丑墨峁�m补 got the news that the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 had been burnt to death in the lac-house he became very sad. It is mentioned in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, 膧di Parva, Chapter 149, that Vidura informed 叠丑墨峁�m补 secretly that the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 were not dead.

After this event the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 come into the scene only at the 厂惫补测补峁僾补谤补 (marriage) of 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨. 叠丑墨峁�m补 and 顿谤辞峁嘺 proposed that the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 should be brought back and be given half of the kingdom. Vidura, by his arugments convinced 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 that the proposal of 叠丑墨峁�m补 and 顿谤辞峁嘺 was correct. 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 asked Vidura to bring the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 back. Vidura went to the city of Drupada and brought the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 back and consoled their mother 碍耻苍迟墨. After this 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 performed 搁腻箩补蝉奴测补 (sacrifice of royal consecration). Vidura took part in it and took the charge of financial part of the sacrifice. It was after this that Duryodhana challenged 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 for a game of dice. Vidura saw beforehand that this move on the part of Duryodhana was dangerous. So he talked forcibly against this, and gave warning to all concerned. As Duryodhana did not agree with Vidura, he was scolded. But Duryodhana was firm and the game was conducted. 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨 was harassed by means of stripping and the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 went to the forest. It is stated in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, Vana Parva, Chapter 3, that Vidura had been witnessing all these scenes with wet eyes.

Separated from the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉.

When the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 were driven to the forest, 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 felt sorry. He became more afraid of the people than he was sorry for the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. He understood that his subjects would unite and rise against his sons. He called Vidura and asked him for a remedy. Vidura who was full of impatience, made a speech against the wickedness of the sons of 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 and advised him to forsake his own sons and to bring the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 back and give them the kingdom. 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 did not like this approach. He said that Vidura was partial to the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 and asked him to go away from the palace. Vidura became grieved at this. He followed the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉, and walking a long distance, reached the forest 碍腻尘测补办补 and met the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉.

When Vidura had gone 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 felt miserable. He sent for Vidura and when he returned 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 begged for pardon. Vidura again became the adviser of 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 Vana Parva, Chapter 6).

Adviser of 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补.

The advice of Vidura is famous in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补. The main duty of Vidura was to console 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 by speaking about righteousness when he became troubled in mind because of the constant quarrels between his sons and the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. Vidura fulfilled his duty well. Duryodhana was firm on the point that not a dot of land would be given to the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. 艢r墨 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 came to 贬补蝉迟颈苍腻辫耻谤补 as mediator. Duryodhana showed disrespect to him. Vidura said in strong words that it was wrong on the part of Duryodhana to have done so and compelled 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 to show due respect and hospitality to 艢r墨 碍峁涐梗峁嘺. Accordingly 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 welcomed 艢r墨 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 and showed respect and hospitality. Knowing this, Duryodhana and his brothers tried to make 艢r墨 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 a captive. Vidura harshly scolded them for this attempt. Seeing all these impudent actions on the part of his sons, 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 became distressed. Vidura consoled him by good exhortations. He told 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 about the transience of life and the importance of the soul. When the battle was fiercely going on in the battleground of 碍耻谤耻办峁�e迟谤补, Vidura re ained with Dhrtar膩峁ａ弓ra consoling him and giving him good advice. The death of 叠丑墨峁�m补 was an unbearable grief to Vidura. He took part in the funeral of 叠丑墨峁�m补. He himself placed the body on the funeral pyre. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 础苍耻艣腻蝉补苍补 Parva, Chapter 168, Stanza 11).

Pilgrimage.

When Vidura failed in his attempt to ward off a pitched battle between the Kauravas and the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 he felt extremely miserable. Without taking part in the battle, he started on a pilgrimage. Getting the news at Prabh膩saksetra about the end of the battle, he went to the basin of river 驰补尘耻苍腻. On the way he heard the news of the passing away of 艢r墨 碍峁涐梗峁嘺, from Uddhava. Before death 艢r墨 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 had revealed that Vidura had heard Uddhavag墨t膩 from Maitreya. This book which is in the form of a conversation between Vidura and Maitreya contains the talk between Kapila and 顿别惫补丑奴迟颈. Description of the line of Manus, sacrifice of 顿补办峁�a, story of Dhruva, story of 笔峁泃丑耻, story of 笔耻谤补帽箩补苍补 etc. were the subjects of the talk. (叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 3鈥�4).

End.

The 叠丑腻谤补迟补-battle came to an end. The Kauravas were exterminated. Efforts were begun to establish law and order. In all these efforts Vidura was a help to the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉. Still he spent most of his time with the old 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补. 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 came to 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 and both embraced each other. Seeing this Vidura cried aloud. Vidura advised 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 how to carry on the administration of the new government. After this he decided to go to the forest to spend his last days. 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补, 骋腻苍诲丑腻谤墨, 碍耻苍迟墨, Vidura and 艢补办耻苍颈 went to the forest. The 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 tried in vain to prevent them from going. When 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补, 骋腻苍诲丑腻谤墨, 碍耻苍迟墨, Vidura, 厂补帽箩补测补 and others started for the forest, even 叠丑墨尘补蝉别苍补 cried aloud. 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 and the people of the city went along with them up to the river Ganges. On the bank of the Ganges near the hermitage of 艢atay奴pa, a hermitage was erected and Vidura and the others lived there.

They lived there for nearly six years. The 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 became unable to bear the separation from their elders. Once Dharmaputra dreamt about his mother. Next day the 笔腻峁囜笉补惫补蝉 went to the banks of the Ganges. 笔腻帽肠腻濒墨, 厂耻产丑补诲谤腻, 鲍迟迟补谤腻 and many people of the city followed them. They went to the 艢atay奴pa-hermitage and saw 顿丑峁泃补谤腻峁ａ弓谤补 and the others. But the great Vidura was not there. When asked about it he got the reply that having become abstemious and having no more desires he was wandering about. 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 was greatly troubled.

Next day at dawn when 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 went to bathe in the Ganges, on the way he saw Vidura sitting in contemplation with a stone in his mouth. 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 stood with joined palms before the lean and weak form of that sage and said "Look, Dharmaputra bows before you." He repeated this several times. But there was no change in Vidura. 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补鈥檚 disappointment did not last long. For, in a short while Dharmaputra saw that a divine radiance emanated from the body of Vidura and passed on to his body and that the body of Vidura fell lifeless on the ground. This union took place because both Vidura and 驰耻诲丑颈峁ａ弓丑颈谤补 were portions of Dharmadeva. After this Dharmaputra made preparations to burn the body of Vidura. Then an ethereal voice said "Vidura is abstemious. His body should not be burned." Dharmaputra went to the hermitage and informed all, about the death of Vidura. (惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 膧艣ramav膩sika Parva, Chapters 26 to 28).

Mention is made in 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补, Svarg膩roha峁嘺 Parva, Chapter 5, Stanza 22, that Vidura entered Svarga (heaven) and stays there in the form of Dharmadeva.