Nishcaya, Nikcaya, 狈颈艣肠补测补, 狈颈艣肠腻测补: 23 definitions
Introduction:
Nishcaya means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit terms 狈颈艣肠补测补 and 狈颈艣肠腻测补 can be transliterated into English as Niscaya or Nishcaya, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Alternative spellings of this word include Nishchaya.
Images (photo gallery)
In Hinduism
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
: VedaBase: 艢r墨mad Bh膩gavatam狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) refers to 鈥渃orrect apprehension鈥�, as opposed to 惫颈辫补谤测腻蝉补, 鈥渕isapprehension鈥�; both mentioned as characteristics of intelligence (buddhi) in the 艢r墨mad Bh膩gavatam 3.26.30.鈥擳he study to determine whether one's identity is spiritual or material begins in doubt. When one is able to analyze his actual position, the false identification with the body is detected. This is 惫颈辫补谤测腻蝉补. When false identification is detected, then real identification can be understood. Real understanding is described here as 苍颈艣肠补测补, or proved experimental knowledge.
Vaishnava (啶掂啶粪啶｀さ, vai峁ａ箛ava) or vaishnavism (vai峁ａ箛avism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
: Google Books: Manthanabhairavatantram狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く, 鈥渃ertainty鈥�) refers to one of the sixteen phases leading to the perception of any object (meya), according to Abhinavagupta鈥檚 M膩lin墨vijayav膩rtika:鈥擺...] The sixteen phases [i.e., certainty (苍颈艣肠补测补) ...] leading to the perception of any object, if correctly and fully experienced, culminate in the liberated condition of the sixteenth phase, which is equated with the sixteenth energy of the Moon. [...] To the degree in which objectivity (meyamaya) is made manifest in this way, sixteen-fold, that is said to be the Moon of consciousness (惫颈箩帽腻苍补) considered to be the basic state (sthiti) of the sixteen energies.
Shakta (啶多ぞ啶曕啶�, 艣膩kta) or Shaktism (艣膩ktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English Translation狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) (Cf. Su苍颈艣肠补测补) refers to 鈥渕aking a decision鈥�, according to the 艢ivapur膩峁嘺 2.3.15 (鈥淭he penance and reign of T膩rak膩sura鈥�).鈥擜ccordingly, as Brahm膩 narrated: 鈥淭hus with ardour, the king of the demons [i.e., T膩raka] performed the severe penance duly unbearable even to those who heard about it. [...] Indra, the lord of gods, was extremely terrified. He thought 鈥楽ome one is performing a penance. Surely he will usurp my position. This master mind shall in a trice destroy the whole cosmos鈥�. All those who entertained similar doubts could not decide what to do [i.e., 苍颈艣肠补测补鈥�苍颈艣肠补测补峁� nopalebhire]. [...]鈥�.
The Purana (啶啶班ぞ啶�, pur膩峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
: Brill: 艢aivism and the Tantric Traditions狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) refers to 鈥�(supreme) certainty鈥�, according to the V膩r膩峁嘺s墨m膩h膩tmya verse 1.116-125.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淓ngaged in the path of the observance of the skull, the Lord wanders, free from attachment, displaying the Lokam膩rga and the supreme Lok膩t墨ta. And the lokas are designated 鈥榖ound souls鈥�, including gods, demons and men. No one realizes the supreme certainty (苍颈艣肠补测补) with respect to knowledge of the self. And except for 艢arva, the supreme god, there is no such behaviour of another [God]. No other god has certainty of knowledge. There is no such behaviour anywhere in the world with all its Gods. [...]鈥�.
Shaiva (啶多啶�, 艣aiva) or Shaivism (艣aivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Sports, Arts and Entertainment (wordly enjoyments)
: archive.org: Syainika Sastra of Rudradeva with English Translation (art)狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) refers to a 鈥渃onclusion鈥�, according to the 艢测补颈苍颈办补-艣腻蝉迟谤补: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by R膩j膩 Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸...] Among these [sports], eighteen things are mentioned which are known as vyasana (addictions or vices), and without these the senses are useless, and these eighteen are the real causes of exquisite delight. [...] The conclusion (苍颈艣肠补测补), therefore, is that addiction to these vices is to be avoided by all means, because the Lord has said that addiction to these leads to bondage. [...]鈥�.
This section covers the skills and profiencies of the Kalas (鈥減erforming arts鈥�) and Shastras (鈥渟ciences鈥�) involving ancient Indian traditions of sports, games, arts, entertainment, love-making and other means of wordly enjoyments. Traditionally these topics were dealt with in Sanskrit treatises explaing the philosophy and the justification of enjoying the pleasures of the senses.
Dharmashastra (religious law)
: archive.org: History of Dharmasastra (Vol II Part I)狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) refers to 鈥渟ettling (the marriage)鈥� and represents one of the various Marriage Rites (蝉补峁僺办腻谤补) according to the Sa峁卥hy膩yana-g峁沨ya-s奴tra I.6.5-6.鈥擳he main outlines of the marriage 蝉补峁僺办腻谤补 show a remarkable continuity for several thousand years from the times of the Rig Veda down to modern times.鈥擵膩gd膩na or Va峁�-苍颈艣肠补测补 refers to 鈥渟ettling the marriage鈥�. This is described by Sa峁卥hy膩yana-g峁沨ya-s奴tra I.6.5-6. Medieval works like the Sa峁僺k膩ra-ratna-m膩l膩 of Gop墨natha. pp. 529-533 describe this ceremony at great length.
Dharmashastra (啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶多ぞ啶膏啶む啶�, dharma艣膩stra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Pancaratra (worship of N膩r膩ya峁嘺)
: archive.org: Catalogue of Pancaratra Agama Texts狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) refer to the 鈥渄ecision (about God)鈥�, as discussed in chapter 6 of the (fourth section of the) 叠峁沨补诲产谤补丑尘补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻: a P膩帽car膩tra text containing over 4600 Sanskrit verses dealing primarily with Vai峁ａ箛ava theology and practical matters concerning the 艢r墨-Vai峁ａ箛ava community but also discussing aspects of Vi艣i峁ａ弓膩dvaita philosophy.鈥擠escription of the chapter [tattva-苍颈艣肠补测补]: The story is told of how Bhadrab膩hu and Gautama became 产丑腻驳补惫补迟补蝉 through the teachings of 艢iva. The story concerns how 艢iva recounted the creation of the world. In this recapitulation the final cause is said to be N膩r膩ya峁嘺 [while the process is implied to be according to the S膩峁卥hya system鈥檚 analysis]. [...]
Pancaratra (啶ぞ啶炧啶氞ぐ啶距い啷嵿ぐ, p膩帽car膩tra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
Vedanta (school of philosophy)
: Wikisource: Ashtavakra Gita狈颈艣肠补测补苍颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) refers to 鈥渙ne鈥檚 capacity for understanding鈥�, according to the A峁ａ弓膩vakrag墨t膩 (5th century BC), an ancient text on spirituality dealing with Advaita-Ved膩nta topics.鈥擜ccordingly, [as A峁ａ弓avakra says to Janaka]: 鈥淸...] For liberation know yourself as consisting of consciousness, the witness of these [five elements]. [...] You are the one witness of everything, and are always totally free. The cause of your bondage is that you see the witness as something other than this. Since you have been bitten by the black snake of the self-opinion that 'I am the doer', drink the nectar of faith in the fact that 'I am not the doer', and be happy. Burn down the forest of ignorance with the fire of the understanding (苍颈艣肠补测补-vahni) that 'I am the one pure awareness' [eko vi艣uddhabodho'hamiti 苍颈艣肠补测补vahnin膩], and be happy and free from distress. [...]鈥�.
Vedanta (啶掂啶︵ぞ啶ㄠ啶�, ved膩nta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the Gaganaga帽japarip峁沜ch膩狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) refers to the 鈥渁scertainment (of one鈥檚 mind)鈥�, according to the Gaganaga帽japarip峁沜ch膩: the eighth chapter of the Mah膩sa峁僴ip膩ta (a collection of Mah膩y膩na Buddhist S奴tras).鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淭hen the Bodhisattva Gaganaga帽ja, having praised the Lord with these verses, addressed himself to the Lord: 鈥榌...] O Lord, please elucidate this exposition of the dharma to these good men (蝉补迟辫耻谤耻峁) who have a doubt (蝉补峁兣沘测补) in their respective dharmas. May the Blessed Tath膩gata please cut off their all doubts (蝉补峁兣沘测补) and illuminate all qualities of the Buddha (sarva-buddhadharma) since you are established (辫谤补迟颈峁ａ弓丑颈迟补) in the ascertainment (苍颈艣肠补测补) in your mind (buddhi)鈥欌赌�.
Mahayana (啶す啶距く啶距え, mah膩y膩na) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 of which some of the earliest are the various Praj帽膩p膩ramit膩 蝉奴迟谤补蝉.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve Reflections1) 狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) refers to 鈥渁scertaining鈥� (the nature of the self), according to the 11th century J帽膩n膩r峁嘺va, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by 艢ubhacandra.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淭hat (i.e. meditation) is reckoned to be of three kinds by some who have a liking for conciseness from the [Jain] canon which ascertains the nature of the self (nir奴p测腻迟man-苍颈艣肠补测补) because the intention of living beings is of three kinds. Now the three鈥� In that regard, it is said that the first is auspicious intention, its opposite is inauspicious intention [and] the third is called pure intention鈥�.
2) 狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) refers to 鈥渃ertainly鈥�, according to the J帽膩n膩r峁嘺va.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淐ertainly [com.鈥�苍颈艣肠补测补], O friend, these twelve reflections are the female friends of those whose good fortune is liberation [and] they are practised to procure their friendship by wise men who are absorbed in connection [with them]. [...]鈥�.
Synonyms: Khalu.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary苍颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く).鈥攎 (S) Determination, resolve, settled purpose. 2 Determination, settlement, ascertainment, positive conclusion. 3 Confidence, assurance, firm belief or persuasion. 4 Certainty or sureness; as opp. to contingency. 5 Used as ad Certainly, positively, without fail. 苍颈艣肠补测补p奴rvaka, ni艣ca测腻迟maka Certainly, without a doubt or question. 2 Certain, sure. 苍颈艣肠补测腻肠腻 Decided, determined, not changeful. 3 Sure, certain, settled, not doubtful.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く).鈥�
1) Ascertainment, investigation, inquiry.
2) A fixed opinion, settled or firm conviction, firm belief.
3) A determination, resolution, resolve; 啶忇し 啶 啶膏啶ムた啶班 啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く啶� (e峁 me sthiro 苍颈艣肠补测补岣�) Mu.1.
4) Certainty, positiveness, positive conclusion.
5) Fixed intention, design, purpose, aim; 啶曕啶曕啶 啶曕啶班啶班え啶苦ざ啷嵿啶ぞ (kaikey墨 kr奴rani艣cay膩) R.12.4; Kum膩rasambhava 5.5.
6) Name of a figure in Rhetoric.
Derivable forms: 苍颈艣肠补测补岣� (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く啶�).
--- OR ---
狈颈艣肠腻测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞ぞ啶�).鈥擟ongregation; 啶むい啶� 啶曕お啶苦じ啶ぞ啶灌ぞ啶班ぎ啷囙啶ㄠた啶多啶氞ぞ啶ぎ啶距啶むぎ啷� (tata岣� kapisam膩h膩ramekani艣c膩yam膩gatam) Bha峁弓ik膩vya 7.34.
Derivable forms: 苍颈艣肠腻测补岣� (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞ぞ啶).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く).鈥攎.
(-测补岣�) 1. Certainty, ascertainment, positive, conclusion. 2. A fixed intention, design, purpose, aim. E. nira affirmative particle, ci to collect, aff. ac.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く).鈥攊. e. nis-ci + a, m. 1. Ascertainment, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 10, 1. 2. Firm conviction, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 3, 29, 19. 3. Certainty, [Nala] 19, 8. 4. instr. 潞测别苍补, and abl. 潞测腻迟, Certainly, [Lassen, Anthologia Sanskritica.] 10, 5; [Hariva峁兣沘, (ed. Calc.)] 14125. 5. Inquiry, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 8, 94. 6. Decision, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 1, 8, 22. 7. Regard, Mah膩bh膩rata 12, 2218. 8. Resolution, design, [笔补帽肠补迟补苍迟谤补] 77, 13; [Bhagavadg墨t膩, (ed. Schlegel.)] 17, 6.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く).鈥擺masculine] ascertainment, conviction, persuasion, decision, resolution, fixed opinion or purpose.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) 狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く):鈥擺=苍颈艣-肠补测补] a etc. See 苍颈艣-肠颈.
2) [=苍颈艣-肠补测补] [from 苍颈艣-肠颈] b m. inquiry, ascertainment, fixed opinion, conviction, certainty, positiveness (iti 苍颈艣肠补测补岣�, 鈥榯his is a fixed opinion鈥�; 测补峁�-鈭歫帽腻, 鈥榯o ascertain the certainty about anything鈥�; yena ind. or 测腻迟 ind. certainly), [Manu-sm峁泃i; Mah膩bh膩rata; 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] etc.
3) [v.s. ...] resolution, resolve fixed intention, design, purpose, aim (测补峁�-鈭歬峁�, to resolve upon, determine to [dative case] [locative case] or [infinitive mood]), [Mah膩bh膩rata; K膩vya literature] etc.
4) [v.s. ...] (in [rhetoric]) Name of a [particular] figure, [S膩hitya-darpa峁嘺]
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く):鈥擺苍颈艣肠补+测补] (测补岣�) 1. m. Certainty.
: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: 峁唅肠肠丑补测补.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く) [Also spelled nischay]:鈥�(nm) determination, resolution; settlement; decision; certainty; (a) definite; certain; positive; (adv) definitely, certainly; positively; ~[测腻迟maka] positive; definite, decisive, certain; hence ~[测腻迟makat膩] (nf).
...
Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpus狈颈艣肠补测补 (嗖ㄠ部嗖多硩嗖氞帛):鈥�
1) [noun] the true or actual state of a matter; truth.
2) [noun] a resolve or determination; a firm resolution.
3) [noun] a formal exchange of betel leaves, arecanut, etc., in confirmation of the promise of marriage.
4) [noun] 嗖ㄠ部嗖多硩嗖氞帛嗖病嗖苦哺喑� [nishcayapadisu] 苍颈艣肠补测补 pa岣峣su to make certain; to assure; 嗖ㄠ部嗖多硩嗖氞帛 嗖簿嗖∴硜 [nishcaya madu] 苍颈艣肠补测补 m膩岣島 = 嗖ㄠ部嗖多硩嗖氞帛嗖苦哺喑� [nishcayisu]; 嗖ㄠ部嗖多硩嗖氞帛 嗖灌簿嗖曕硜 [nishcaya haku] 苍颈艣肠补测补 h膩ku = 嗖ㄠ部嗖多硩嗖氞帛嗖苦哺喑� [nishcayisu].
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary狈颈艣肠补测补 (啶ㄠた啶多啶氞く):鈥攏. 1. ascertainment; verification; proof; 2. determination; decision; firm opinion; 3. assurance; certainty; 4. decision; resolve; adv. certainly; definitely; of course;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Nikaya, Caya.
Starts with (+9): Nikcayat, Nishcaya-nai, Nishcayabuddha, Nishcayabuddhi, Nishcayadatta, Nishcayagarbha, Nishcayaguna, Nishcayaguni, Nishcayaka, Nishcayakarika, Nishcayakatva, Nishcayakrit, Nishcayamatra, Nishcayamatra, Nishcayambade, Nishcayamgey, Nishcayanaya, Nishcayanayadrishti, Nishcayanta, Nishcayartha.
Full-text (+105): Vinishcaya, Kritanishcaya, Arthanishcaya, Sunishcaya, Dridhanishcaya, Ekanishcaya, Tattvanishcaya, Nishcayadatta, Papanishcaya, Matinishcaya, Kshipranishcaya, Baddhanishcaya, Samnishcaya, Dhritanishcaya, Pathanishcaya, Avanishcaya, Simanishcaya, Varanishcaya, Parinishcaya, Pratinishcaya.
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Search found 69 books and stories containing Nishcaya, Nikcaya, Nis-caya, Ni艣-caya, 狈颈艣肠补测补, 狈颈艣肠腻测补, Nish-caya; (plurals include: Nishcayas, Nikcayas, cayas, 狈颈艣肠补测补s, 狈颈艣肠腻测补s). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Bhagavad-gita (with Vaishnava commentaries) (by Narayana Gosvami)
Verse 18.4 < [Chapter 18 - Mok峁-yoga (the Yoga of Liberation)]
Verse 2.37 < [Chapter 2 - S膩峁卥hya-yoga (Yoga through distinguishing the Soul from the Body)]
Verse 9.30 < [Chapter 9 - R膩ja-guhya-yoga (Yoga through the most Confidential Knowledge)]
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada D膩sa)
Text 11.19 [狈颈艣肠补测补] < [Chapter 11 - Additional Ornaments]
Text 10.41 < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Text 11.20 < [Chapter 11 - Additional Ornaments]
Jain Science and Spirituality (by Medhavi Jain)
5.3. Nayavada < [Chapter 4 - Main Theory and Practices in Jainism]
3.2. Practical and Transcendental Time (vyavahara kala, nishcaya kala) < [Chapter 5 - Science in Jainism]
5.4. Nayavada and Karma < [Chapter 4 - Main Theory and Practices in Jainism]
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Madras (by M. Seshagiri Sastri)
Alamkaras mentioned by Vamana (by Pratim Bhattacharya)
11: Definition of Sandeha Ala峁僰膩ra < [Chapter 4 - Arth膩la峁僰膩ras mentioned by V膩mana]
1-2: The number of Ala峁僰膩ras (poetic figures) mentioned < [Chapter 5 - A Comparative study of the different ala峁僰膩ras mentioned by V膩mana]
Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) (by Vijay K. Jain)
Verse 7.19 - Classification of votaries (vrat墨) < [Chapter 7 - The Five Vows]
Verse 5.40 - The extent of the conventional time (vyavah膩ra-k膩la) < [Chapter 5 - The Non-living Substances]
Verse 5.39 - Classification of time as a substance < [Chapter 5 - The Non-living Substances]