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Alternative spellings of this word include Abhav.

In Hinduism

Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

: Wisdom Library: Var膩ha-pur膩峁嘺

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ).鈥擳he son of Unnet膩, who was the son of Nikh膩ta, according to the 痴补谤腻丑补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 chapter 74. Nikh膩ta was the son of Pratihart膩, whose ancestral lineage can be traced to Sv膩yambhuva Manu, who was created by Brahm膩, who was in turn created by N膩r膩ya峁嘺, the unknowable all-pervasive primordial being. 础产丑腻惫补 had a son named Udg膩t膩.

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The Purana (啶�啷佮ぐ啶距��, pur膩峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)

: Shodhganga: Vaiy膩kara峁嘺bh奴峁�a峁嘺s膩ra: a critical study

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ).鈥擜bsence.

: Wikisource: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammar

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ).鈥擜bsence; absence of any following letter which is technically called avas膩na. cf. 啶掂た啶班ぞ啶�啷嬥そ啶掂じ啶距え啶�啷� 啷� 啶掂ぐ啷嵿ぃ啶距え啶距ぎ啶�啶距さ啷嬥そ啶掂じ啶距え啶膏�傕�溹�嵿�炧�� 啶膏�嵿く啶距い啷� (vir膩mo'vas膩nam | var峁嚹乶膩mabh膩vo'vas膩nasa峁僯帽a岣� sy膩t) S. K. on P. I.4.110.

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Vyakarana (啶掂�嵿く啶距�曕ぐ啶�, vy膩kara峁嘺) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.

Nyaya (school of philosophy)

: Shodhganga: A study of 狈测腻测补-vai艣e峁�ika categories

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ, 鈥渘on-existence鈥�).鈥擳he 狈测腻测补-Vai艣e峁�ikas accept 补产丑腻惫补 (non-existence or negaton) as a separate category. This category is a negative one is opposed to other six categories which are positive categories. The theory of the reality of 补产丑腻惫补 is related to the 狈测腻测补-Vai艣e峁�ika theory of causation which is known as 补蝉补迟办腻谤测补惫腻诲补. According to 狈测腻测补-Vai艣e峁�ikas, 补产丑腻惫补 has a existence. According to 补蝉补迟办腻谤测补惫腻诲补 effect is not existent in the cause before its production. A jar is nonexistent on the ground before its production or after its destruction. Before the production and after the destruction 补产丑腻惫补 exists. 础产丑腻惫补 is not like sky flower. It has a negative reality.

According to the 狈测腻测补-Vai艣e峁�ika, 补产丑腻惫补 or no-existence is real category. Jayanta Bha峁�峁璦 maintains that non-existence is also capable of producing knowledge. It is not devoid of all capabilities. It is the object of knowledge in the form of 鈥榠t is not鈥� (苍腻蝉迟颈). The 狈测腻测补-Vai艣e峁�ikas also hold that 补产丑腻惫补 is not without any essence. It is determined by its 辫谤补迟颈测辞驳墨 (countercorrelate). In case of negation, there is an object whose non-existence is experienced and there is a locus and which this non-existence is based. The object of non-existence is called its 辫谤补迟颈测辞驳墨 and the locus is called 补苍耻测辞驳墨.

According to Anna峁僢ha峁�峁璦 补产丑腻惫补 has four kinds, viz.,

1. pr膩g补产丑腻惫补 (antecedent non-existence),
2. 辫谤补诲丑惫补峁僺腻产丑腻惫补 (destructive non-existence),
3. 补迟测补苍迟腻产丑腻惫补 (absolute non-existence),
4. 补苍测辞苍测腻产丑腻惫补 (mutual non-existence).

艢iv膩ditya also accepts four varieties of 补产丑腻惫补. Vi艣van膩tha has divided 补产丑腻惫补 into two types鈥�蝉补峁僺补谤驳腻产丑腻惫补 and 补苍测辞苍测腻产丑腻惫补.

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Nyaya (啶ㄠ�嵿く啶距��, nyaya) refers to a school of Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. The Nyaya philosophy is known for its theories on logic, methodology and epistemology, however, it is closely related with Vaisheshika in terms of metaphysics.

Vaisheshika (school of philosophy)

: Shodhganga: A study of 狈测腻测补-vai艣e峁�ika categories (vaisesika)

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ).鈥擜ccording to Ka峁嚹乨a, all objects of knowledge come under six categories. These are: dravya, 驳耻峁嘺, karma, 蝉腻尘腻苍测补, 惫颈艣别峁�a and 蝉补尘补惫腻测补. So, Ka峁嚹乨a does not accept the 补产丑腻惫补 as a separate category. Because if the knowledge of 补产丑腻惫补 depends on 产丑腻惫补-辫补诲腻谤迟丑补. So, 补产丑腻惫补 is not mentioned as a separate category. Pra艣astap膩da, also accepts the six categories which are dravya, 驳耻峁嘺, etc. He states that 尘辞办峁�a (liberation) depends upon the right knowledge of these six categories.

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Vaisheshika (啶掂�堗ざ啷囙し啶苦��, vai艣e峁�ika) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. Vaisheshika deals with subjects such as logic, epistemology, philosophy and expounds concepts similar to Buddhism in nature

Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)

: Google Books: Manthanabhairavatantram

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) refers to the 鈥渁bsence of phenomenal existence鈥�, according to the Manth膩nabhairavatantra, a vast sprawling work that belongs to a corpus of Tantric texts concerned with the worship of the goddess Kubjik膩.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸...] The groups of six [i.e., 峁�a峁璳补/峁�a峁璸谤补办腻谤腻], deployed and worshipped in the six corners of the hexagon in the core of the 尘补峁囜笉补濒补, are primary emanations of the goddess who 鈥榮preads herself out鈥� (惫颈办腻蝉颈办腻, 惫颈办腻蝉颈苍墨) from the centre of the Triangle. There, in the dimensionless point (bindu) in the centre, she abides formless (苍颈谤腻办腻谤腻) and undifferentiated (苍颈峁�k补濒腻) as the genderless absolute (苍补辫耻峁僺补办腻) both as and within the transcendent which, as the very absence of phenomenal existence (补产丑腻惫补), is void (艣奴苍测补) like space (腻办腻艣补) or the sky (kha). [...]鈥�.

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Shakta (啶多ぞ啶曕�嵿��, 艣膩kta) or Shaktism (艣膩ktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.

Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

: Brill: 艢aivism and the Tantric Traditions

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) refers to the 鈥渄estruction (of the past and future karma)鈥�, according to the Svacchandatantra verse 4.141-145.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淣ext, he should then bring about destruction [i.e., 补产丑腻惫补] of the past and future karma for the liberation-seeker, because of his indifference [to the world]. He should not purify the one [part of karma] that is the 辫谤腻谤补产诲丑补 [karma], [which fuels his present existence]. But for the S膩dhaka, he should purify [only] one [part of the] past karma for the purpose of power, and having manifested the past and future karma together, he should initiate [the candidate]. This is the 艣颈惫补诲丑补谤尘颈峁嚹�-诲墨办峁Ｄ�. [...]鈥�.

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Shaiva (啶多�堗��, 艣aiva) or Shaivism (艣aivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

Yoga (school of philosophy)

: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation by Jason Birch

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) refers to 鈥渢hat which is free of all states鈥�, according to the Sarvaj帽膩nottara verse 20.34-39.鈥擜ccordingly, while discussing the culmination of detachment (for the process of attaining the no-mind state): 鈥淸...] Having established his state in that which is free of all states (补产丑腻惫补), he makes his state supportless. Having made the mind no-mind, he thinks of nothing whatsoever. He should meditate on the self [as] neither conceivable nor inconceivable and [as] both. He knows the self to be free from all partialities. [...]鈥�.

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Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as 膩sanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).

Vedanta (school of philosophy)

: Wikisource: Ashtavakra Gita

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) refers to 鈥渘on-being鈥�, according to the A峁ａ弓膩vakrag墨t膩 (5th century BC), an ancient text on spirituality dealing with Advaita-Ved膩nta topics.鈥擜ccordingly, [as A峁ａ弓avakra says to Janaka]: 鈥淸...] This existence is just imagination. It is nothing in reality, but there is no non-being (补产丑腻惫补) for natures that know how to distinguish being from non being (产丑腻惫补-补产丑腻惫补). [n膩sty补产丑腻惫补岣� svabh膩v膩n膩峁� bh膩v腻产丑腻惫补vibh膩vin膩m] The realm of one's own self is not far away, and nor can it be achieved by the addition of limitations to its nature. It is unimaginable, effortless, unchanging and spotless. [...]鈥�.

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Vedanta (啶掂�囙う啶距え啷嵿��, ved膩nta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

General definition (in Hinduism)

: WikiPedia: Hinduism

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) means 鈥渘on-existence鈥�. Some scholars consider anupalabdi to be same as 补产丑腻惫补, while others consider anupalabdi and 补产丑腻惫补 as different. 础产丑腻惫补-辫谤补尘腻峁嘺 has been discussed in ancient Hindu texts in the context of 辫补诲腻谤迟丑补 (啶�啶︵ぞ啶班�嵿ぅ, referent of a term). Abhava is then explained as 鈥渞eferents of negative expression鈥� in contrast to 鈥渞eferents of positive expression鈥� in 辫补诲腻谤迟丑补. An absence, state the ancient scholars, is also 鈥渆xistent, knowable and nameable鈥�, giving the example of negative numbers, silence as a form of testimony, asatkaryavada theory of causation, and analysis of deficit as real and valuable.

Abhava was further refined in four types, by the schools of Hinduism that accepted it as a useful method of epistemology:

1. dhvamsa (termination of what existed),
2. atyanta-abhava (impossibility, absolute non-existence, contradiction),
3. anyonya-abhava (mutual negation, reciprocal absence)
4. and pragavasa (prior, antecedent non-existence).

In Buddhism

Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)

: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the Gaganaga帽japarip峁沜ch膩

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) refers to the 鈥渘on-existence (of all living beings)鈥�, according to the Gaganaga帽japarip峁沜ch膩: the eighth chapter of the Mah膩sa峁僴ip膩ta (a collection of Mah膩y膩na Buddhist S奴tras).鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸...] The Bodhisattva Gaganaga帽ja then sustained the jewel-canopy of ten thousand yojanas high over the Lord鈥檚 lion throne in the sky, joined the palms of his hands, saluted, and praised the Lord with these suitable verses: 鈥榌...] (13) The parts of the personality, realms and fields of perception (蝉办补苍诲丑补诲丑腻迟耻-腻测补迟补苍补) are as an illusion (尘腻测腻-耻辫补尘补); the three worlds are as the reflection of the moon in the water (udaka-candra-upama) without change (acyuta); all living beings are non-existence (补产丑腻惫补) as a dream (svapnopama). Having realized the fact that all things are like a dream by the knowledge, you teach this dharma. [...]鈥�.

context information

Mahayana (啶�啶灌ぞ啶�啶距え, mah膩y膩na) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 of which some of the earliest are the various Praj帽膩p膩ramit膩 蝉奴迟谤补蝉.

Buddhist philosophy

: Google Books: The Treasury of Knowledge: Book six, parts one and two (philosophy)

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) refers to 鈥�(imaginations of) non-existence鈥� and represents one of the ten aspects of distracting false imagination (诲补艣补-惫颈办峁�e辫补-惫颈办补濒辫补), according to Khewang Yeshe Gyatso, Exegetical Memorandum chapter 5 (Cf. Mah膩y膩nas奴tr膩la峁僰膩rak膩rik膩, chapter 11). These [e.g., 础产丑腻惫补] are related to the imaginary nature (parikalpita). These ten are enumerated as aspects of false imagination which may be imputed in all sorts of contexts, and it is on this basis that the process of reification actually comes to partake of the imaginary nature.

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General definition (in Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Dharma-samgraha

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) or 补产丑腻惫补艣奴苍测补t膩 refers to 鈥渆mptiness of non-existence鈥� one of the 鈥渢wenty emptinesses鈥� (艣奴苍测补t膩) as defined in the Dharma-sa峁僩raha (section 41). The Dharma-samgraha (Dharmasangraha) is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (e.g., 补产丑腻惫补). The work is attributed to Nagarjuna who lived around the 2nd century A.D.

: Shodhganga: A study of 狈测腻测补-vai艣e峁�ika categories (buddhism)

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ, 鈥渘on-existent鈥�).鈥擜ccording to the Buddhists reality is always existence. This does not accept any negative or non-existent reality. Hence, 补产丑腻惫补 is not reality. The Buddhists oppose the 狈测腻测补-Vai艣e峁�ika concept of non-existence. They argue that nonexistence is always determined by its positive counterpart. Again the negatum is to be regarded as the adjective of the corresponding negation. Hence, the object negated is the adjective or the qualifier of the negation. But the Buddhists point out that this is not possible for a non-existent (补产丑腻惫补) object to qualify another object.

In Jainism

Jain philosophy

: archive.org: Anekanta Jaya Pataka of Haribhadra Suri

1) 础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) refers to 鈥渘on-existence, as used in the 础苍别办腻苍迟补箩补测补辫补迟腻办腻-辫谤补办补谤补峁嘺, a 艢vet膩mbara Jain philosophical work written by Haribhadra S奴ri.鈥擺Cf. Vol. I, P. 17, l. 29]

础产丑腻惫补 (non-existence) is of four kinds

1. pr膩g-补产丑腻惫补 (antecedent non-existence),
2. pradhva峁僺a-补产丑腻惫补 (subsequent non-existence),
3. anyonya-补产丑腻惫补 (mutual non-existence) and
4. atyanta-补产丑腻惫补 (absolute non-existence).

2) 础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) refers to one of the 鈥渇aults鈥� (诲辞峁�a) mentioned in Vidy膩nanda鈥檚 A峁ａ弓a艣at墨 and by Vadin Deva S奴ri.

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General definition (in Jainism)

: Shodhganga: A study of 狈测腻测补-vai艣e峁�ika categories (jainism)

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ, 鈥渘on-existent鈥�).鈥擜ccording to some Jaina philosophers 补产丑腻惫补 is cognized in time and space. If negation is bare non-existence then it cannot qualify space and time. On the other hand, if an object does not qualify space and time, it cannot be located on space and time. Prabh膩candrasuri criticizes the view that negation has distinct reality. He holds that negation is nothing but the positive locus qualified by some unique property.

context information

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

Languages of India and abroad

Pali-English dictionary

: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary

补产丑腻惫补 : (m.) disappearance; absence; non-becoming.

: Sutta: Pali Word Grammar from Pali Myanmar Dictionary

1) abhava (醼♂�樶��) [(pu) (醼曖��)]鈥�
[a+bhava. na+bhava]
[醼�+醼樶�濁亱 醼�+醼樶�漖

2) 补产丑腻惫补 (醼♂�樶��醼�) [(ti) (醼愥��)]鈥�
摆苍补+产丑腻惫补闭
摆醼�+醼樶赌�岫臐]

3) 补产丑腻惫补 (醼♂�樶��醼�) [(pu) (醼曖��)]鈥�
摆苍补+产丑腻惫补闭
摆醼�+醼樶赌�岫臐]

[Pali to Burmese]

: Sutta: Tipi峁璦ka P膩岣穒-Myanmar Dictionary (醼愥��醼曖��醼嬦��-醼曖��醼犪��醼欋�坚�斸�横�欋�� 醼♂�樶��醼撫��醼斸��)

1) abhava鈥�

(Burmese text): (醼�) 醼欋��醼坚��醼羔�曖�结��醼羔�佱�坚�勧�横�羔亰 醼嗎��醼愥�横�氠��醼愥�横�佱�坚�勧�横�羔亰 醼曖�会��醼横�呩��醼羔�佱�坚�勧�横�羔亱 (醼�) 醼メ�呩�贯�嗎�贬�掅�掅��醼嬦�贯�屷��醽� (醼�) 醼欋��醼欋��醼�醼�醼�醼氠�横��醼�醼� 醼娽�踞�夅�横�羔�嗎�册�炨�贬�� 醼♂��醼会�勧�丰�横亱 (醼�) 醼欋�坚�愥�横�炨�贬�� 醼樶�濁亱 (醼�) 醼�醼坚��醼羔�炨�贬�� 醼樶�濁亰 醼樶�濁��醼坚��醼羔亱 (醼�) 醼涐�搬��,醼♂�涐�搬�曖�樶�濁亱 (醼�) 醼メ�曖�曖�愥�贯�愥��醼樶�濁亱 (醼�) 醼掅��醼傖�贯�傖�愥��醼樶�濁亱 (醼�) 醼曖�会��醼横�呩��醼羔�佱�坚�勧�横��,醼炨�贬�佱�坚�勧�横��,醼曖�涐��醼斸��醼椺�贯�椺��醼斸�横�曖�坚��醼佱�坚�勧�横��,醼欋�涐�踞��醼佱�坚�勧�横�羔�熱�搬�炨�贬�� 醼♂�樶��醼濁�曖�娽�愥�横亱 (醼�) 醼欋��醼贬��醼勧�横�羔�欋�踞��醽�

(Auto-Translation): (a) Growth, decline, destruction. (b) Essence. (c) Self-destructive behavior. (d) Noble life. (e) Great life, grand life. (f) Formed and formless life. (g) Dependent life. (h) Suffering life. (i) Destruction, death, nihilism, non-existence as a natural characteristic. (j) Negativity.

2) 补产丑腻惫补鈥�

(Burmese text): (醼�) 醼欋�栣�坚�呩�横�佱�坚�勧�横�羔亱 (醼�) 醼欋�涐�踞��醼佱�坚�勧�横�羔亱 (醼�) 醼戓�勧�横�涐�踞��醼羔�欋�涐�踞��-醼曖�会��醼横�呩��醼�-醼�醼结�氠�横�曖�会�贬��醼�醼�-醼佱�坚�勧�横�羔亱 (醼�) 醼曖�涐�欋�愥�贯�戓�炨�樶��醼濁�欋�熱��醼愥�横�炨�贬��醽� 醼炨�涐��醼曖�横�♂��醼羔�栣�坚�勧�丰�� 醼戓�勧�横�涐�踞��醼羔�涐�踞��醼炨�贬�� 醼曖�涐�欋�愥�贯�戓�欋�� 醼愥�呩�横�曖��醼羔�炨�贬�� 醼曖�娽�愥�横�愥�涐��醼羔亱 (醼�) 醼欋�栣�坚�呩�横�炨�贬�� 醼炨�樶�贬��醽� (醼�) 醼欋�栣�坚�呩��-醼欋�涐�踞��-醼呩�贬�佱�坚�勧�横�羔亱 (醼�) 醼欋�嗎��醼�-醼欋�熱�贬��-醼佱�坚�勧�横�羔亱

(Auto-Translation): (a) Non-existence. (b) Absence. (c) Obscurity - destruction - disappearance. (d) A principle that is not fundamentally real, distinctly other than the fundamental reality. (e) Non-being. (f) Causing non-existence or absence. (g) Denial - assertion - non-affirmation.

3) 补产丑腻惫补鈥�

(Burmese text): 醼樶��醼濁�涐��醼曖�横�欋�涐�踞��醼炨�贬��醽� 醼欋��醼斸�横�羔�欋�♂�栣�坚�呩��,醼氠�贬��醼�醼横��醼会��醼羔�♂�栣�坚�呩��-醼ａ�愥�贯�戓��醼樶�贬��,醼曖��醼欋�贯�樶�贬��-醼�醼勧�横�羔�欋�册��-醼佱�会��醼�醼丰�愥�册��-醼炨�贬�� 醼曖�嬦��醼炨�斸�贯�撫�贬�濁��醼娽��醼忈�横亰 醼樶��醼濁�涐��醼曖�横�佱�会��醼�醼丰�炨�贬�� 醼曖�嬦��醼炨�斸�贯�撫�贬�濁��醼娽��醼忈�横亱

(Auto-Translation): A non-physical, genderless, lacking qualities as a woman, lacking qualities as a man - an identity devoid of substance, an identity lacking physical form.

context information

Pali is the language of the Tipi峁璦ka, which is the sacred canon of Therav膩da Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha鈥檚 speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.

Marathi-English dictionary

: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

补产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ).鈥攎 (S) Negation, privation, nullity, nihility, nonentity. Four kinds are enumerated: viz. 辫谤补诲丑惫补峁僺腻产丑腻惫补 Destruction; reduction into nihility; pr膩g补产丑腻惫补 Antecedent negation or non-existence; 补苍测艒苍测腻产丑腻惫补 Reciprocal negation; the not being any other thing of this thing, and the not being this thing of any other thing; 补迟测补苍迟腻产丑腻惫补 Simple negation; nullity or non-existence. 2 (Corr. from 腻产丑腻惫补 S) Surmise, supposition, suspicion, belief. Ex. h膩 dravyav膩n 腻丑脓 as膩 l艒k膩mmadhy膿峁� a0 腻丑脓; m膩jh膩 ty膩n膿峁� a0 dharal膩 腻丑脓.

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腻产丑腻惫补 (啶嗋き啶距さ).鈥攎 S (See the popular form 补产丑腻惫补) Surmise or supposition.

: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

补产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ).鈥�m Negation, not-existence. Want, lack, absence. Surmise, supposition, belief (corr. from 腻产丑腻惫补). As h膩 dravyav膩na 腻丑脓 as膩 l艒k膩madhy膿峁� 补产丑腻惫补 腻丑脓.

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腻产丑腻惫补 (啶嗋き啶距さ).鈥�m Negation, nihility. Surmise, supposition.

context information

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

Sanskrit dictionary

: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Abhava (啶呧き啶�).鈥�

1) Non-existence; 啶�啶む�嵿い 啶忇さ 啶�啶掂ぞ啶�啶掂�� (matta eva bhav膩bhavau) Mb.

2) Absolution, final beatitude; 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距お啷嵿い啷佮ぎ啶�啶掂ぎ啶�啶苦さ啶距�炧�嵿�涏い啶� 啶掂ぞ (pr膩ptumabhavamabhiv膩帽chati v膩) Kir膩t膩rjun墨ya 12. 3,18.27.

3) End or destruction; 啶呧う啷嵿く啷堗さ 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啶�啷傕い啶距え啶距�� 啶班�曕�嵿し啶膏ぞ- 啶�啶�啶掂ぞ啶� 啶� (adyaiva sarvabh奴t膩n膩峁� rak峁�as膩- mabhav膩ya ca) 搁腻尘.3.64.56. 啶膏�佮�栢�� 啶� 啶︵�佮�冟�栢�� 啶� 啶�啶掂ぞ啶�啶掂ぞ啶む�嵿ぎ啶曕ぎ啷� (sukha峁� ca du岣�kha峁� ca bhav膩bha惫腻迟尘补办补m) Mah膩bh膩rata (Bombay) 3. 295.1.

Derivable forms: 补产丑补惫补岣� (啶呧き啶掂��).

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础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ).鈥�a. [na. ba.] Without love or affection. 啶曕�氞�嵿�氞た啶ㄠ�嵿え啶距き啶苦す啶む�嬥そ啶�啶距さ啷堗�� 啶多が啷嵿う啶距う啶苦き啶苦ぐ啶�啶權�嵿�椸げ啷堗�� (kaccinn膩bhihato'产丑腻惫补i岣� 艣abd膩dibhirama峁単alai岣�) Bh膩gavata 1.14.4.

2) Nonexistent.

-惫补岣� 1 Not being or existing, non-existence; 啶椸い啷� 啶�啶距さ啷嬥そ啶�啶距さ啶�啷� (gato bh膩vo'产丑腻惫补m) M峁沜chaka峁璱ka 1 has disappeared.

2) Absence, want, failure; 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啷囙し啶距ぎ啶�啷嵿く啶�啶距さ啷� 啶む�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距す啷嵿ぎ啶｀�� 啶班た啶曕�嵿ぅ啶�啶距�椸た啶ㄠ�� (sarve峁Ｄ乵apyabh膩ve tu br膩hma峁嚹� rikthabh膩gina岣�) Manusm峁泃i 9.188; mostly in comp.; 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啶距き啶距さ啷� 啶灌ぐ啷囙え啷嵿え啷冟お啶� (sarv膩bh膩ve harenn峁沺a岣�) 189 in the absence of all, failing all; 啶む�嬥く��, 啶呧え啷嵿え掳, 啶嗋す啶距ぐ掳 (toya掳, anna掳, 膩h膩ra掳) &c.

3) Annihilation, death, destruction; (vaco...pathyamuktam) 啶班ぞ啶曕�嵿し啶膏ぞ啶ㄠぞ啶�啶�啶距さ啶距�� 啶む�嵿さ啶� 啶掂ぞ 啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶むた啶�啶︵�嵿く啶膏�� (r膩k峁�as膩n膩mabh膩v膩ya tva峁� v膩 na pratipadyase) R膩m.5.21.1. non-entity; 啶ㄠぞ啶�啶距�� 啶夃お啶侧が啷嵿ぇ啷囙�� (n腻产丑腻惫补 upalabdhe岣�) 艢 B.; 啶曕�嵿し啶｀ぎ啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶�啶掂ぞ啶�啶�啶距さ啶曕ぞ啶侧�� (k峁�a峁嘺m膩trabhav膩m补产丑腻惫补k膩le) 艢i艣up膩lavadha 2.64; Kir膩t膩rjun墨ya 18.1.

4) (In phil.) Privation, non-existence, nullity or negation, supposed to be the seventh category or 啶�啶︵ぞ啶班�嵿ぅ (辫补诲腻谤迟丑补) in the system of Ka峁嚹乨a. (Strictly speaking 补产丑腻惫补 is not a separate predicament, like dravya, 驳耻峁嘺, but is only a negative arrangement of those predicaments; all nameable things being divided into positive (产丑腻惫补) and negative (补产丑腻惫补), the first division including 啶︵�嵿ぐ啶掂�嵿く, 啶椸�佮��, 啶曕ぐ啷嵿ぎ, 啶膏ぞ啶�啶距え啷嵿��, 啶掂た啶多�囙�� (dravya, 驳耻峁嘺, karma, 蝉腻尘腻苍测补, 惫颈艣别峁�a) and 啶膏ぎ啶掂ぞ啶� (蝉补尘补惫腻测补); and the second only one 啶呧き啶距さ (补产丑腻惫补); cf. 啶呧い啷嵿ぐ 啶膏お啷嵿い啶�啶膏�嵿く啶距き啶距さ啶曕ぅ啶ㄠぞ啶︵�囙�� 啶粪ぃ啷嵿ぃ啶距�� 啶�啶距さ啶む�嵿さ啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距お啷嵿い啶� 啶む�囙�� 啶�啶距さ啶む�嵿さ啷囙え 啶�啷冟ぅ啶椸�佮お啶ㄠ�嵿く啶距じ啷� 啶� 啶曕�冟い啶� (atra saptamasy腻产丑腻惫补kathan膩deva 峁�a峁囜箛膩峁� 产丑腻惫补tva峁� pr膩pta峁� tena 产丑腻惫补tvena p峁泃hagupany膩so na k峁泃a岣�) 惭耻办迟腻.) 啶呧き啶距さ (补产丑腻惫补) is defined as 啶�啶距さ啶�啶苦え啷嵿え啷嬥そ啶�啶距さ啶� (产丑腻惫补bhinno'产丑腻惫补岣�) (辫谤补迟颈测辞驳颈箩帽腻苍腻诲丑墨苍补惫颈峁�a测补迟惫补尘) that whose knowledge is dependent on the knowledge of its 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶むた啶�啷嬥�椸�� (辫谤补迟颈测辞驳墨). It is of two principal kinds 啶膏�傕じ啶班�嵿�椸ぞ啶�啶距さ (蝉补峁僺补谤驳腻产丑腻惫补) and 啶呧え啷嵿く啷嬥え啷嵿く啶距き啶距さ (补苍测辞苍测腻产丑腻惫补); the first comprising three varieties 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距�椸き啶距さ, 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶о�嵿さ啶傕じ啶距き啶距さ (pr膩g补产丑腻惫补, 辫谤补诲丑惫补峁僺腻产丑腻惫补), and 啶呧い啷嵿く啶ㄠ�嵿い啶距き啶距�� (补迟测补苍迟腻产丑腻惫补).

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Abhava (啶呧き啶�).鈥攎.

(-惫补岣�) 1. End of the world, liberation from the world. 2. Nonexistence. mfn.

(-惫补岣�-惫腻-va峁�) Non-existent. E. a neg. bhava being.

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础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ).鈥攎.

(-惫补岣�) 1. Non-existence, annihilation. 2. Death. 3. (In logic) Negation of two kinds, 蝉补峁僺补谤驳腻产丑腻惫补 universal negation, and 补苍测辞苍测腻产丑腻惫补 relative or mutual negation. 4. (In rhetoric) Absence of the essential parts of poetical description of character, want of the properties or temperaments. E. a priv. 产丑腻惫补 being.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Abhava (啶呧き啶�).鈥攎. 1. nonexistence, [厂腻惫颈迟谤测耻辫腻办丑测腻苍补] 3, 10. 2. cessation of existence, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 3, 69, 9.

Abhava is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms a and bhava (啶�啶�).

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础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ).鈥攎. 1. absence, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 8, 259; [贬颈迟辞辫补诲别艣补] i. [distich] 118, M. M. 2. nonexistence; 补产丑腻惫补 + tas, adv. in consequence of the non-existence, Bh膩峁Ｄ乸. 113. 3. death, [Kath膩sarits膩gara, (ed. Brockhaus.)] 18, 270. 4. destruction, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 5, 27, 6.

础产丑腻惫补 is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms a and 产丑腻惫补 (啶�啶距��).

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ).鈥擺masculine] not being, non-existence, absence, want, failure, destruction, death. 鈥�va峁� gam perish, die.*

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Abhava (啶呧き啶�):鈥擺=a-bhava] m. non-existence

2) [v.s. ...] destruction, end of the world.

3) 础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ):鈥擺=a-产丑腻惫补] [from a-bhava] m. non-existence, nullity, absence

4) [v.s. ...] non-entity, negation (the seventh category in Ka峁嚹乨a鈥檚 system)

5) [v.s. ...] proof from non-existence (one of the six 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺s in Ved膩nta [philosophy] [鈥榮ince there are no mice, therefore there must be cats here鈥橾 See 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺)

6) [v.s. ...] annihilation, death.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Goldst眉cker Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Abhava (啶呧き啶�):鈥擺tatpurusha compound] m.

(-惫补岣�) 1) Non-existence.

2) Cessation of exis-tence, destruction, end. E. a neg. and bhava.

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础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ):鈥擨. [tatpurusha compound] m.

(-惫补岣�) 1) The not being, the not existing, ab-sence; e. g. a 痴腻谤迟迟. to 笔腻峁�. (yasya ca bh膩vena 产丑腻惫补lak峁�a峁嘺m): 产丑腻惫补lak峁�a峁噀 saptam墨vidh膩ne产丑腻惫补lak峁�a峁嘺 upasa峁僰hy膩nam; or in the M墨m. S奴tras: 补产丑腻惫补dar艣an膩cca, or abh膩v膩ccetarasya sy膩t; comp. also the definition of na s. v. 补辫谤腻艣补蝉迟测补; but mostly and frequently used in this sense as the latter part of a compound, esp. in scientific writings; e. g. in the M墨m. S奴tras: arth膩bh膩v膩nnaiva峁� sy膩t, or karm膩bh膩v膩nneti par膩rthatv膩t &c.; in the Ved膩nta S.: tadabh膩vo n膩岣嵞�峁�u tacchruter膩tmani ca, or k膩my膩stu yath膩k膩ma峁� samucc墨yeranna v膩 p奴rvahetvabh膩v膩t &c.; in the 厂腻峁卥丑测补 S.: m奴le m奴l膩bh膩v膩dam奴la峁� m奴lam, or na pauru峁�eyatva峁� tatkartu岣� puru峁�asy膩bh膩v膩t &c.; in the Yoga S.: hetuphal膩艣ray膩lambanai岣� sa峁僩峁沨墨tatv膩de峁Ｄ乵abh膩ve tad补产丑腻惫补岣�, or tata岣� pratyakcetan膩dhigamopyantar膩y腻产丑腻惫补艣ca &c.; in the 狈测腻测补 S.: vartam膩n膩bh膩ve sarv膩graha峁嘺峁� pratyak峁Ｄ乶upapatte岣�, or pr膩gutpatte岣� k膩ra峁嚹乥h膩v膩danutpattisama岣� &c.; in the Vai艣e峁�ika S.: k膩ra峁嚹乥h膩v膩tk膩ry腻产丑腻惫补岣�, or k膩ry膩bh膩v膩tk膩ra峁嚹宀�丑腻惫补岣�; or P膩峁噄ni: avyaya峁� vibhaktisam墨pasam峁沝dhivy峁沝dhyarth腻产丑腻惫补潞潞vacane峁�u.

2) Absence, want, failure; e. g. K膩ty膩y. 艢rauta S.: abh膩ve (scil. 测奴辫补蝉测补) 办丑补诲颈谤补惫颈濒惫补谤补耻丑颈迟补办腻苍 (scil. 测奴辫腻峁僰耻谤测腻迟); or 痴测腻蝉补: bhr膩t峁濁箛膩峁� j墨vato岣� pitro岣� sahav膩so vidh墨yate . tadabh膩ve vibhakt膩n膩峁� dharmaste峁Ｄ佱箖 vivardhate; or V峁沨aspati: pitrorabh膩ve putr膩峁嚹佱箖 vibh膩ga岣� sa峁僷radar艣ita岣� (see meaning 4.); or Bh奴ripr. (= Trik.): (scil. 补峁単补苍腻苍腻尘) 补产丑腻惫腻诲补峁単补苍腻迟测腻驳补蝉迟耻谤补驳补产谤补丑尘补肠补谤测补办补尘.

3) Nonexistence, non-entity; in this sense mostly occurring in the philosophical S奴tras; e. g. in the Ved膩nta S.: n腻产丑腻惫补 upalabdhe岣�; or in the 厂腻峁卥丑测补 S.: an膩d膩vadya y膩vadabh膩v膩dbhavi峁�yadapyevam; or in the Yoya S.: 补产丑腻惫补pratyay膩lamban膩 v峁泃tirnidr膩; or in the 狈测腻测补 S.: abh膩v膩dbh膩votpattirn膩nupam峁沝ya pr膩durbh膩v膩t, or sarvamabh膩vo bh膩ve峁�vitaretar腻产丑腻惫补siddhe岣�. The category 鈥榥onexistence or non-entity鈥� is originally not to either of the six philosophical systems a 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺 (q. v.) or instrument of forming a right notion; it has been adopted, however, as such by 碍耻尘腻谤颈濒补-厂惫腻尘颈苍, the commentator of Jaimini and his followers, and equally by the Ved膩ntists, although no mention is made of it, as of a 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺, in the 叠谤补丑尘补厂奴迟谤补蝉; (骋补耻岣峚辫腻诲补 is mistaken in mentioning it in his comm. on the 厂腻峁卥丑测补办腻谤. v. 4. as one of Jaimini's 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺); the 厂腻峁卥丑测补 systems consider it as comprised under the 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺 膩ptavacana q. v. and the 狈测腻测补 under the 辫谤补尘腻峁嘺 anum膩na q. v. In 碍补峁嚹乨补's or the 痴补颈艣别峁Ｄ玨补 system it is the seventh or last 辫补诲腻谤迟丑补 or category, and distinguished as 蝉补峁僺补谤驳腻产丑腻惫补 and 补苍测辞苍测腻产丑腻惫补, the former again as pr膩g补产丑腻惫补, dhva峁僺a and 补迟测补苍迟腻产丑腻惫补; for the definition of these terms see s. vv.; (hence the word occurs also in the plural, e. g. in the Bh膩峁�aparichchheda: 惫颈艣别峁�a峁嘺tay膩 tadvadabh膩v膩n膩峁� graho bhavat); 骋补耻岣峚辫腻诲补 divides 补产丑腻惫补 in pr膩g补产丑腻惫补, itaretar腻产丑腻惫补, 补迟测补苍迟腻产丑腻惫补 and sarv腻产丑腻惫补 qq. vv.

4) Destruction, death; e. g. in the Ved膩nta S.: 补产丑腻惫补峁� b膩darir膩ha hyevam (An奴panar.: muktasya deh膩dy补产丑腻惫补峁� b膩darir膩ha &c.; 艢a峁卥ara: 鈥� tasm膩d补产丑腻惫补岣� 艣ar墨rendriy膩峁嚹佱箖 mok峁�e); or Bha峁�峁璱k.: abh膩ve bhavat膩峁� yo鈥檚mi帽j墨vettasy膩stvaj墨vani岣� (Jayam. and Bharatas.: abh膩ve vin膩艣e). The instances from 痴测腻蝉补 and 痴峁沨补蝉辫. under 2. and similar ones might be referred apparently to the meaning 鈥榙eath鈥�, but it seems more correct to render them 鈥榠f the parents are no more鈥� or 鈥榠n the absence of the parents鈥� &c. instead of 鈥榦n the death of the parents鈥� &c. E. a neg. and 产丑腻惫补. Ii. [bahuvrihi compound] f.

(-惫腻) A shade, a shadow (? according to the 狈颈驳丑补苍迟补-笔谤补办腻艣补). E. a priv. and 产丑腻惫补.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Abhava (啶呧き啶�):鈥擺a-bhava] (惫补岣�) 1. m. Non-existence.

2) 础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ):鈥擺a-产丑腻惫补] (惫补岣�) 1. m. Non-existence, want, absence.

: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: 础产丑腻惫补.

[Sanskrit to German]

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏�傕じ啷嵿�曕�冟い啶�啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

Hindi dictionary

: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) [Also spelled abhav]:鈥�(nm) want, dearth, deficiency, shortage, lack; ~[惫腻迟尘补办补] negative.

context information

...

Prakrit-English dictionary

: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: 础产丑腻惫补.

context information

Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.

Kannada-English dictionary

: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

Abhava (嗖呧箔嗖�):鈥擺adjective] birthless; ever-existing.

--- OR ---

Abhava (嗖呧箔嗖�):鈥�

1) [noun] 艢iva.

2) [noun] Jina, the spiritual Jaina teacher.

3) [noun] the condition of being non-existent; non-existence.

4) [noun] the end of existence; destruction; cessation.

--- OR ---

础产丑腻惫补 (嗖呧箔嗖距驳):鈥�

1) [noun] the condition of being non-existent; non-existence.

2) [noun] the quality or state of being deficient; absence of something essential; incompleteness.

3) [noun] the condition or quality of being scarce; inadequate supply; dearth; scarcity.

4) [noun] (phil.) the quality or condition of being nothing or not existing; the state of being null; nullity.

5) [noun] absence of some quality or condition; privation.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

Nepali dictionary

: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary

础产丑腻惫补 (啶呧き啶距さ):鈥攏. 1. non-existence; 2. absence; lack; 3. poverty; want; 4. scarcity;

context information

Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.

See also (Relevant definitions)

Partial matches: A, Na, Bhava.

Starts with (+23): Abhavabhavana, Abhavabodhaka, Abhavadassana, Abhavadhamma, Abhavadhigama, Abhavadipana, Abhavadiya, Abhavadosa, Abhavagama, Abhavagamana, Abhavaggahanamukha, Abhavagunata, Abhavajnanapratiyogijnanakaryakaranabhavavicara, Abhavajnane pratiyogijnanakaranavicara, Abhavajotana, Abhavakala, Abhavakara, Abhavakarana, Abhavakittana, Abhavakkhana.

Full-text (+540): Atyantabhava, Anyonyabhava, Bhavabhava, Pragabhava, Pradhvamsabhava, Sarvabhava, Samsargabhava, Cittabhava, Vastvabhava, Nanabhava, Atapabhava, Pramanabhava, Agnyabhava, Ihabhava, Ragabhava, Karanabhava, Sadhyabhava, Bhedabhava, Baddhabhava, Adarabhava.

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Search found 143 books and stories containing Abhava, A-bhava, A-产丑腻惫补, 础产丑腻惫补, 膧产丑腻惫补, Na-bhava, Na-产丑腻惫补, Na-bhava, Na-产丑腻惫补; (plurals include: Abhavas, bhavas, 产丑腻惫补s, 础产丑腻惫补s, 膧产丑腻惫补s). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

The concept of Sharira as Prameya (by Elizabeth T. Jones)

Prameyas in 狈测腻测补, Vai艣e峁�ika, Ved膩nta, M墨m膩峁僺a, Sankhya and Yoga < [Chapter 2]

The Vai艣e峁�ika Philosophy < [Chapter 1]

Definition of Pad膩rthas (Prameyas) < [Chapter 2]

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Nyaya-Vaisheshika categories (Study) (by Diptimani Goswami)

础产丑腻惫补 (3): Atyant腻产丑腻惫补 (Absolute Non-existence) < [Chapter 7 - 础产丑腻惫补 (Non-existence)]

础产丑腻惫补 (1): Pr膩g补产丑腻惫补 < [Chapter 7 - 础产丑腻惫补 (Non-existence)]

础产丑腻惫补 as a Separate Category < [Chapter 7 - 础产丑腻惫补 (Non-existence)]

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Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari (by K. A. Subramania Iyer)

Verse 3.14.263 < [Book 3 - Pada-k膩峁囜笉a (14): V峁泃ti-samudde艣a (On Ccomplex Formation)]

Verse 3.3.74 < [Book 3 - Pada-k膩峁囜笉a (3): Sambandha-samudde艣a (On Relation)]

Verse 3.14.262 < [Book 3 - Pada-k膩峁囜笉a (14): V峁泃ti-samudde艣a (On Ccomplex Formation)]

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Tattvasangraha [with commentary] (by Ganganatha Jha)

Verse 1133 < [Chapter 16 - Examination of the Import of Words]

Verse 1126 < [Chapter 16 - Examination of the Import of Words]

Verse 1989 < [Chapter 23 - External World]

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A History of Indian Philosophy Volume 1 (by Surendranath Dasgupta)

Part 19 - Negation in 狈测腻测补-Vai艣e峁�ika < [Chapter VIII - The 狈测腻测补-Vai艣e峁�ika Philosophy]

Part 9 - The Definition of Aj帽膩na (nescience) < [Chapter X - The 艢a峁卥ara School Of Ved膩nta]

Part 8 - The main doctrine of the Nyaya-Vai艣e峁�ika Philosophy < [Chapter VIII - The 狈测腻测补-Vai艣e峁�ika Philosophy]

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Taittiriya Upanishad (by A. Mahadeva Sastri)

艢a峁卥ar膩ch膩rya鈥檚 Introduction

Chapter XII - The Unconditioned Brahman < [B - Brahmavidy膩 Explained]

Chapter VII - Brahman as External Objects < [B - Brahmavidy膩 Explained]

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