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Significance of Killing

Killing is a multifaceted concept explored across various philosophical and religious traditions in South Asia. In Jainism, it reflects Sita's emotional turmoil; in Vaishnavism, it highlights acts against infants and the severity of murder by guards. The Purana narrates Krishna's victories through the demise of his adversaries. Mahayana Buddhism condemns killing as a wrongful act linked to harmful karma, while Theravada views it as an immoral action stemming from ill-will. Overall, killing is portrayed as a significant ethical concern with deep spiritual implications.1
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Synonyms: Murder, Assassination, Slaying, Execution, Homicide, Extermination, Annihilation, Destruction, Massacre, Slaughter

In Dutch: Doden; In Finnish: Tappaminen; In Spanish: Asesinato; In German: 罢枚迟耻苍驳; In Malay: Membunuh; In Swedish: 顿枚诲补苍诲别; In French: Meurtre

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Buddhist concept of 'Killing'

Buddhism Books

Killing in Buddhism encompasses causing harm to living beings, leading to negative karma and rebirths, is condemned by Buddha's morality, and may also signify overcoming distractions in spiritual cultivation, often driven by ill-will or negative consciousness.

Significance in Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism):
Mahayana Books

From: Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra

(1) Killing refers to the concept of causing harm to living beings and the consequential karma that leads to unfortunate rebirths, which is connected to the destruction of the five skandhas.[1]

From: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra

(1) Pranatipata; one of the wrongful acts explicitly condemned in the Buddha's morality which is justified by heretics in certain conditions.[2]

From: Shurangama Sutra (with commentary) (English)

(1) Refers to the act of eliminating distractions or obstacles, including the six thieves, in the path of cultivation.[3]

Mahayana is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sutras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajnaparamita sutras.

Significance in Theravada (major branch of Buddhism):
Theravada Books

From: A Manual of Abhidhamma

(1) An action typically carried out with ill-will or aversion, often associated with the two types of immoral consciousness.[4]

From: A Discourse on Paticcasamuppada

(1) An example of a mental action that is considered ethically bad and involves negative kammic results.[5]

Theravada is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).

Hindu concept of 'Killing'

Hinduism Books

In Hinduism, killing encompasses various interpretations, including murder's severity, transformation through death, the fate of characters like Canura and Mushtika, and specific acts against infants, reflecting moral and contextual complexities.

Significance in Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma):
Vaishnavism Books

From: Garga Samhita (English)

(1) This refers to the act of murder performed by the guards, implicating the severity and the context of the situation.[6] (2) The act of causing death, specifically referring to the actions taken against the mentioned infants.[7]

From: Chaitanya Bhagavata

(1) The act of causing death to someone.[8]

Vaishnava or vaishnavism (vaishnavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).

Significance in Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology):
Jyotisha Books

From: Hayanaratna: The Jewel of Annual Astrology

(1) This is one of the sahamas, a set of concepts that aid in the outcomes of all the houses, in the same manner that fate supports the endeavors of people.[9] (2) This is one of the sahamas, representing the act of causing the death of a person or animal, as indicated in the text.[10] (3) This sahama is produced by subtracting Fortune from Jupiter, according to the text.[11]

Jyotisha (啶溹啶啶むた啶�, jyotisha or jyotish) refers to 鈥榓stronomy鈥� or 鈥淰edic astrology鈥� and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.

Significance in Rasashastra (chemistry and alchemy):
Rasashastra Books

From: Rasa Jala Nidhi, vol 2: Minerals (uparasa)

(1) The result of the entire process, indicating that the essence has undergone a transformation or completion of its preparation.[12]

Rasashastra is an important branch of Ayurveda, specialising in chemical interactions with herbs, metals and minerals. Some texts combine yogic and tantric practices with various alchemical operations. The ultimate goal of Rasashastra is not only to preserve and prolong life, but also to bestow wealth upon humankind.

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Vishnu Purana

(1) The fate of Canura and Mushtika, emphasizing the triumph of Krishna and Balarama over their adversaries.[13]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Jain concept of 'Killing'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, "Killing" symbolizes the profound emotional turmoil Sita experiences, representing her exaggerated grief and sense of loss, rather than a literal act of violence, highlighting the tradition's focus on inner suffering and emotional states.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra

(1) Sita's exaggerated expression of her emotional pain and sense of loss in response to her circumstances.[14]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

The concept of Killing in local and regional sources

History Books

The keyphrase "Killing" relates to the violent act depicted in regional sources, illustrating themes of loyalty and betrayal while highlighting the fatal consequences of actions taken, as seen in the manipulation between Birbanta and Birluri.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: Folklore of the Santal Parganas

(1) Birbanta threatened to kill Birluri if he continued to water his cattle from Birbanta's ponds.[15]

From: Sanskrit Words In Southeast Asian Languages

(1) Killed indicates the act of causing death, which is a characteristic of Abhihata, suggesting a fatal outcome, according to the information provided.[16]

From: Triveni Journal

(1) Killing is explicitly mentioned as a form of violence, indicating the importance of respecting all forms of life and the significance of avoiding causing the end of life in the practice of non-violence.[17]

From: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda

(1) This refers to the act of taking the lives of horses and cattle, which was considered by one group as not constituting true religious practice.[18]

Significance in South Asia:
South Asia Books

From: Village Folk-tales of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), vol. 1-3

(1) Refers to the violent act carried out in the story as a result of manipulation, showcasing themes of loyalty and betrayal.[19]