Buddhist Perspective on the Development of Social Welfare
by Ashin Indacara | 2011 | 61,386 words
This page relates 鈥楳eanings, Definitions and Interpretations of Caga鈥� of the study on the Buddhist perspective on the development of Social Welfare, employing primarily the concepts of Utthana-sampada (persistent effort) and Arakkha-sampada (watchfulness). Based on the teachings of the Buddha in the Dighajanu Sutta and other canonical texts, this essay emphasizes the importance of effort, knowledge, and good karma in achieving social welfare.
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12. Meanings, Definitions and Interpretations of 颁腻驳补
颁腻驳补 can be seen as stated:鈥�
(a) To give up, abandoning, giving up, renunciation,
(b) Liberality, generosity, munificence (n.) generous, munificent (adj.) in the 笔腻濒颈-English Dictionary by Rhys David.鈥�S墨lasampanno saddho purisapuggalo sabbbe maccharino loke c膩gena atirocati鈥�
Meant that 鈥淗e who is virtuous and religious excels all stingy people in generosity.鈥�[1]
颁腻驳补 can be frequently seen as combined with 鈥�Mutta: liberal鈥�, munificent (尘耻迟迟补肠腻驳辞), 鈥�笔补谤颈产丑腻惫颈迟补-citta鈥�: a heart bent on giving鈥�. In this sense 颁腻驳补 forms one of the noble treasures of a man, viz, 鈥�厂补诲诲丑腻, 蝉墨濒补, suta, 肠腻驳补 and 辫补帽帽腻; faith, virtue, right knowledge, liberality and wisdom.鈥� It can be compared with the Catholic treasure of grace.[2]
Sometimes, 颁腻驳补 is stated as 鈥�颁腻驳腻诲丑颈峁弓丑腻苍补鈥� combining with the suffix word 鈥�补诲丑颈峁弓丑腻苍补鈥� meant 鈥榯he resolution of generosity鈥�, as 鈥�颁腻驳腻苍耻蝉蝉补迟颈鈥� combining with 鈥�anussati鈥� meant 鈥�recollection of liberality or generosity鈥�,[3] as 鈥�颁腻驳补办补迟丑腻鈥� with 鈥�办补迟丑腻鈥� meant 鈥榯alk about munificence鈥�,[4] as 鈥�颁腻驳补-dha膩na鈥� with 鈥�诲丑腻苍补鈥� meant 鈥榯he treasure of the good gift, as one of the seven riches or blessings, the 补谤颈测补诲丑补苍腻苍颈, viz. Sadh膩, S墨la, Hiri, Ottappa, Suta, 颁腻驳补, 笔补帽帽腻 as one of five; 厂补诲诲丑腻, S墨la, Suta, 颁腻驳补, 笔补帽帽腻,[5] as 鈥�颁腻驳补-蝉补尘辫补诲腻鈥� with 鈥�蝉补尘辫补诲腻鈥� meant 鈥榯he blessing of or with the virtue of munificence.[6]
颁腻驳补: Liberality, is one of blessings (肠腻驳补-蝉补尘辫补诲腻), foundations (肠腻驳腻-诲颈峁弓丑腻苍补), recollections (肠腻驳腻-苍耻蝉蝉补迟颈), treasures (肠腻驳补-dhana).
颁腻驳补 can be noted that it is similar to 顿腻苍补 according to the definition of the sub-commentary of 厂补驳腻迟丑腻惫补驳驳补 笔腻岣穒.
鈥�肠腻驳辞鈥搕颈 cajati eten膩-ti c膩go, 诲腻苍补峁�鈥�
Meaning that 鈥�颁腻驳补 is called 顿腻苍补 because it has the same nature of giving up, and generosity.鈥�[7]
In the sub-commentary (罢颈办腻) of P膩Thikavagga 笔腻岣穒, it is defined that鈥�
鈥�D墨yati eten膩ti 诲腻苍补峁�, paric肠腻驳补-肠别迟补苍腻. Deyyadhammassa 辫补谤颈测补迟迟补峁� 办补迟惫腻 pariccajavasena 诲腻苍补峁�.鈥�[8]
It means that 鈥淭he giving up accompanied by volition (paric肠腻驳补肠别迟补苍腻) is called 顿腻苍补. 顿腻苍补 is capable of giving up the offerings (almsfood and drinking juice, etc.).
In other words, the capability of giving up materials is called 顿腻苍补. It can be considered that 顿腻苍补 and 颁腻驳补 have the same nature and they are synonyms of charity or generosity鈥搑enouncing and receptive charity.
In addition, it is evident that 颁腻驳补 is included in 顿腻苍补 by the definition mentioned in the commentary of Nettipakar峁嘺 笔腻岣穒,鈥�
鈥�C膩go, pariccago, dhamma-诲腻苍补峁�, 腻尘颈蝉补-诲腻苍补峁�, abhaya-诲腻苍补峁�, 补峁弓丑补-d膩n膩ni vitth膩retabb膩ni鈥�,[9]
Meant that 鈥�颁腻驳补 (generosity or renunciation), paric肠腻驳补 (great renunciation), 诲丑补尘尘补-诲腻苍补 (donation of dhamma), 腻尘颈蝉补-诲腻苍补 (donation of material), 补产丑补测补-诲腻苍补 (donation of sanctuary), etc., should be known as 顿腻苍补 in elaboration.
It is obvious that there is a relation between 肠腻驳补 and 诲腻苍补 according to the commentary of Majjhimapa峁囜箛膩sa 笔腻岣穒.
The commentary describes that鈥�
鈥�Et膩ya saddh膩ya dadahi 诲腻苍补峁�鈥�[10]
Meaning that 鈥�顿腻苍补 can be done through 厂补诲诲丑腻.鈥�
On the contrary, it means that one is not capable of doing 顿腻苍补 without 厂补诲诲丑腻.
Thus, 肠腻驳补 and 肠腻苍补 are inter-connected with one another. If we say about 肠腻驳补, 诲腻苍补 is also included in it and similarly 肠腻驳补 is mutually included in 诲腻苍补. It is, here, worthy of noting that the word 鈥�诲腻苍补鈥� is usually used in the public instead of 肠腻驳补 although there is the usage of 肠腻驳补 in the literature. So, the word 鈥�诲腻苍补鈥� is used in this chapter instead of 鈥�肠腻驳补鈥�.
Footnotes and references:
[2]:
An. I, P. 210. Pali Text Society I, P. 210. An. III, P. 80. Pali Text Society IV, P. 250. D. III, 164-5. M. III, 99. S. I, P. 232. S. V, P. 309.
[3]:
An. I, P. 32. Pali Text Society I, P. 30. An. II, P. 251-4. Pali Text Society II, P. 284-7. D III, P. 207. Pali Text Society III, P. 250. Visuddhimagga, P. 197.
[4]:
An. II, P. 159-61. Pali Text Society III, P. 181-3.
[5]:
D. III, P. 133. Pali Text Society III, P. 163-251. An. II, P. 46. Pali Text Society III, P. 53. An. II, P. 399. Pali Text Society IV, P. 5. VvA, P. 122. Pali Text Society, P. 113.
[6]:
An I. P. 377. Pali Text Society II, P. 66. An. II, P. 46. Pali Text Society III, P. 53. An. III, P. 110. Pali Text Society IV, P. 284.
[7]:
S.T. I, P. 327.
[8]:
D.T. III. P. 103. Pali Text Society III, P. P. 131.
[10]:
M.A. III, P. 56. Pali Text Society III, P. 80.