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The Lord Buddha expounded the characteristics of the outcaste to 础驳驳颈办补产丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补 Brahmin when the Enlightened One was dwelling in 厂腻惫补迟迟丑颈. By seeing these characteristics, one can choose the person whom he should associate with him and decides who is the outcast and not outcast. In that case, he is able to classify who is a true friend, who is an enemy and who pretends as friend, etc.

In regard to outcast, the Buddha said 础驳驳颈办补产丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补 Brahmin when they met each other.

鈥淥ne day, the Blessed One, going on an uninterrupted, begging round for alms-food in 厂腻惫补迟迟丑颈, came to the house of Brahman 础驳驳颈办补产丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补. The Brahman 础驳驳颈办补产丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补 saw the Blessed One coming from afar off and said this to him, 鈥楽top there, shoveling; stop there, wretched ascetic; stop there, outcast鈥�. When this was said, the Blessed One said this to the Brahman 础驳驳颈办补产丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补: 鈥楧o you know, Brahman, (what) an outcaste (is) or the things that make an outcaste? 鈥業 do not know Gotama, (what) an outcaste (is) or, the things that make an outcaste. It would be a good for me for the venerable Gotama so to teach me the doctrine, that I may know (what) an outcaste (is) and the things that make an outcaste. 鈥楾hen listen, Brahman, pay careful attentions, I shall tell you, 鈥榊es, venerable One鈥�, replied the Brahman 础驳驳颈办补产丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补 to the Blessed One.鈥�^[1]

The characteristics of the outcaste are as follows:-

(1) A. 鈥淲hatever man is angry,
B. Rancorous,
C. Evil,
D. Hypocritical,
E. Has wrong views and (is)
F. Deceitful, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (verse-116)

(3) A. Who (ever) in this world harms living creatures, once born or twice-born,
B. Who (ever) has no compassion for living creature, him one should Know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse-17)

(4) A. Who (ever) destroys and besieges villages and towns, (and)
B. Is notorious as an oppressor, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse-118)

(4) Who (ever) in a village or forest takes by theft what has not been given to him (and is) cherished by others, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse-119).

(5) Who (ever) indeed having contracted a debt, when urge (to repay it) absconds, saying: 鈥�(I have) no debt to you鈥�, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�120)

(6) Who (ever) indeed because of desire for some trifle strikes a person going along the road and takes the trifle, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (verse鈥�121)

(7) A. What (ever) man for his own sake,
B. Or for another鈥檚 sake
C. Or for wealth, speaks falsely when asked in person, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�122)

(8) Who (ever) is seen (misbehaving) among the wives of relatives or friends, by force or with (their) consent, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�123)

(9) Who (ever) (although) being able does not support his mother and father when they are old and past their youth, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�124)

(10) Who (ever) strikes or angers with (his) words his mother or father or brother or sister or mother-in-law, him one should know (to be) an outcaste.^[2] (痴别谤蝉别鈥�125)

(11) A. Who (ever) being asked what is profitable teaches what profitless.
B. gives advice is in obscure manner, him one (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�126)

(12) A. Who (ever) being done evil actions no one to know that he (is responsible),
B. Who (ever) has concealed his actions, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�127)

(13) Who (ever) indeed having gone to another鈥檚 house (and) have eaten pure food, does not honor (the other) in return when he comes (to his house), him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�128)

(14) Who (ever) by speaking falsely deceives a Brahman or ascetic or even another mendicant, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�129)

(15) Who (ever) when mealtime has arrived angers with (his) words a Brahman or ascetic and does not give (food), him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�130)

(16) Who (ever) wrapped up in delusion (and) desiring some trifle, (in payment) relates here what has never happened, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�131)

(17) Who (ever) both extol himself and disparages another, inferior because of his own pride, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�132)

(18) A. He makes (others) angry,^[3]

B. (Is) mean,
C. Desires evil,
D. Is avaricious,
E. Crafty,
F. Immodest, him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�133)
G. Shows no remorse; him one should know (to be) an outcaste.

(19) A. Who (ever) reviles the Buddha or
B. (reviles) a disciple of his,
C. (reviles) a wanderer,
D. (reviles) a householder; him one should know (to be) an outcaste. (Verse鈥�134)

(20) Who (ever) indeed (while) not being an arahat confesses to be an Arahat.

These persons, indeed, are called outcastes whom I (the Buddha) have declared to you.鈥�^[4]

To develop social welfare, a friend with whom you associate is needed to be a true and loyal one in social relation. One can see a sign or an omen of evil deeds or actions within them鈥揵odily, verbal and mental actions of others although they conceal their evil deeds with oblique, deception, deceit, illusion, crafty, treachery, fraud, etc.

Generally, a person who has evil deeds in three actions cannot be a good friend or companion. If one finds the evil deeds of others including a close friend, he should avoid him or should take care of him in relation. As mentioned above, a friend who is cunning, deceitful and crafty is most fearful to us. He can make the development of welfare destroyed or decreased. Thus, one should abandon him from far away.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Sn, P. 297. Pali Text Society, P. 20.

[2]:

Sn. P. 297. Pali Text Society, P. 20.

[3]:

Sn. P. 297. Pali Text Society, P. 20.

[4]:

Sn. P. 297. Pali Text Society, P. 20.