Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in blood donors in Khartoum, Sudan.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection among healthy blood donors in alribat teaching hospital khartoum state, sudan
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Safaa E. Bashir, Mohammed B. Eldin Ahmed, Khalid A. Abdelhalim and Moustafa B. Ahamed
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection among healthy blood donors in alribat teaching hospital khartoum state, sudan
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201713-9800
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Toxoplasmosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, primarily transmitted through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals, especially cats. The prevalence of T. gondii infection varies significantly across the globe, influenced by environmental and dietary factors. In this study, researchers aimed to assess the seroprevalence of T. gondii among healthy blood donors in Khartoum State, Sudan, as well as to identify potential risk factors for the infection. They collected serum samples from 100 blood donors and tested for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies using the ELISA method.
Seroprevalence and Age Factors
The study revealed an overall prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies at 32% for IgG and 3% for IgM among the tested serum samples. Notably, the highest prevalence was observed in the 31-40 year age group, with 47.8% testing positive for IgG. This correlation suggests that older age may increase the risk of T. gondii infection, highlighting the need for targeted preventive measures among adults in this demographic. The analysis showed that the differences in antibody rates across age groups were statistically significant, reinforcing the notion that seroprevalence can vary with age.
Risk Factors: Contact with Cats
One of the main risk factors evaluated was contact with cats. The study found that 34.1% of individuals who had contact with cats tested positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG, while 30.5% of those without cat contact were also positive. Although a certain percentage of IgM was detected in those who had contact with cats, suggesting potential recent infections, the statistical significance of these findings was low. This indicates that while contact with cats is often considered a risk factor for toxoplasmosis, its role may not be as pronounced as traditionally thought in this population.
Dietary Influences: Meat and Milk Consumption
Another focus of the study was the relationship between consumption of unpasteurized milk and undercooked meat and the incidence of T. gondii infection. Contrary to expectations, high rates of IgG (41.2%) were found in individuals who did not consume milk, and a rate of 30.0% was noted for those who consumed sheep and beef meat. These findings challenge the commonly held assumption that these dietary factors are significantly linked to increased risk of toxoplasmosis, suggesting that other transmission routes may be more relevant or prevalent in this region.
Conclusion
The findings from this study illustrate a significant prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among healthy blood donors in Khartoum State, with age being a notable factor influencing seroprevalence. Additionally, the roles of cat contact and dietary habits require further investigation to accurately determine their impact on infection rates. Given the potential for toxoplasmosis to pose risks in blood transfusions, it is recommended that routine screening for T. gondii be implemented in blood banks. Public health education initiatives should be launched to inform the community about safe practices to minimize exposure to T. gondii, particularly by handling food safely and reducing contact with contaminated materials.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the primary transmission route for Toxoplasma gondii?
Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted through several routes, including contact with contaminated cat feces, consumption of undercooked meat, unwashed vegetables, and unpasteurized milk from infected animals.
What was the overall seroprevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in the study?
In the study, the overall rates of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were found to be 32% for IgG and 3% for IgM among healthy blood donors.
Which age group had the highest prevalence of Toxoplasma infection?
The highest prevalence of Toxoplasma infection was observed in the 31-40 age group, with a positive rate of 47.8% for IgG.
Is contact with cats a significant risk for Toxoplasma infection?
The study found no significant association between contact with cats and the prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in humans, indicating other sources of infection may be more important.
What preventive measures should be taken to reduce Toxoplasma infection?
Preventive measures include screening blood donors, careful handling of meat, avoiding raw meat, washing hands after handling meat, and preventing contact with cat feces.
Why is screening for Toxoplasma gondii in blood donors important?
Screening for Toxoplasma gondii in blood donors is crucial to prevent transmission to recipients, especially since the infection can pose serious health risks to immunocompromised individuals.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in blood donors in Khartoum, Sudan.�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Blood:
Blood plays a crucial role in transfusion practices and is a medium for the transmission of various infections, including Toxoplasma gondii. The study evaluates the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies among blood donors, indicating the potential risk and importance of screening in ensuring safe blood transfusion procedures.
2) Study (Studying):
The study conducted aims to analyze the presence and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among healthy blood donors in Al-Ribat Teaching Hospital. It identifies associated risk factors that contribute to infection rates, demonstrating the importance of such epidemiological studies in public health and disease prevention.
3) Meat:
Meat consumption, especially undercooked or raw, is a significant risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection. The study identifies an associated higher prevalence among individuals consuming sheep and beef meat, emphasizing food safety, proper cooking practices, and the need for public health education on handling and consuming meat.
4) Table:
Tables in the study present key findings, including the rates of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies based on various demographics. They enable easy visualization and understanding of data, illustrating the relationships between seroprevalence and factors like age, contact with cats, and consumption of certain foods.
5) Milk:
Milk, particularly unpasteurized, is often associated with the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. The study findings show that those who did not consume milk had higher IgM and IgG rates, raising questions about the role of milk ingestion in transmission dynamics and the need for safer dairy practices.
6) Pregnant:
Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to Toxoplasma gondii infection due to the potential risk of congenital transmission to the fetus. The study indirectly highlights the importance of screening among pregnant women and stresses the need for awareness regarding risk factors associated with Toxoplasmosis.
7) Transmission:
Transmission refers to the spread of Toxoplasma gondii, which can occur through various routes, including food, water, and direct contact with infected animals. Understanding transmission dynamics is crucial for effective prevention strategies and for public health policies to reduce infection rates.
8) Disease:
The disease in focus, Toxoplasmosis, is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and is prevalent worldwide, causing varied health issues, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The study investigates the seroprevalence among blood donors, shedding light on public health implications.
9) Science (Scientific):
Science underpins the methodologies used in the study, from serological testing to epidemiological analysis. It exemplifies the application of scientific research in understanding and controlling infectious diseases, contributing to evidence-based practices in health care and disease prevention.
10) Cutan:
Sudan, where the study was conducted, exhibits diverse epidemiological patterns for Toxoplasmosis. The research provides valuable localized data on infection rates and associated risk factors, essential for public health initiatives and targeted interventions within the region.
11) Animal:
Animals serve as hosts for Toxoplasma gondii, particularly cats, which are the definitive hosts. Understanding the relationship between animal behavior, environment, and transmission of the parasite is vital for grasping the zoonotic nature of Toxoplasmosis and forming control measures.
12) Family:
The concept of family is relevant in discussing transmission clusters of Toxoplasma gondii, as seen in various studies. Family groups can share dietary habits, affecting infection rates and emphasizing the role of community practices in the spread of the parasite.
13) Teaching:
Teaching, particularly in medical and health contexts, emphasizes the importance of education regarding Toxoplasmosis and its prevention. The findings can inform training programs for healthcare professionals and the general public about safe practices to reduce infection risks.
14) Water:
Water can potentially serve as a transmission medium for Toxoplasma gondii, especially in areas where sanitation is poor. The study highlights the need for clean water access and suggests that water quality is a crucial factor in preventing Toxoplasmosis transmission.
15) Jacob:
In the context of the study, Jacob might reference notable research or methodologies in the field of Toxoplasmosis. It could imply a further exploration of existing literature to support the findings, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding.
16) Male:
Gender differences may play a role in the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection. The study accounts for male donors and suggests that demographic factors could influence exposure risks, necessitating further investigation into these variations within the population.
17) Goat milk:
Goat's milk has been implicated in Toxoplasmosis transmission, especially when consumed raw. The study discusses previous findings linking raw goat's milk consumption to clusters of acute Toxoplasmosis and emphasizes the need for public education regarding dairy consumption safety.
18) Discussion:
The discussion section of the study interprets the findings, compares them with existing literature, and outlines the implications for public health. It explores the significance of data obtained regarding Toxoplasma gondii prevalence among blood donors and suggests avenues for future research.
19) Karnataka:
Karnataka, mentioned in relation to studies on Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in blood donors, illustrates regional variations in infection rates. It underlines the importance of localized studies to identify specific epidemiological patterns and inform public health strategies in different areas.
20) Education:
Education plays a critical role in reducing Toxoplasmosis risk through public awareness campaigns focused on safe meat handling, hygiene practices, and the dangers of unpasteurized dairy consumption. The study advocates for increased educational efforts to combat the disease's spread.
21) Account:
The study must account for various risk factors influencing Toxoplasma gondii infection rates among blood donors. A detailed understanding of these factors helps shape effective screening and preventive measures, enhancing public health responses to Toxoplasmosis.
22) Malaya:
Malaya, a term used in context with various studies, refers to a region where blood donor studies have been conducted. It highlights the need for broader epidemiological data to help identify Toxoplasmosis prevalence and risk factors internationally.
23) Pigeon:
Pigeons are also susceptible to Toxoplasma gondii infection, although the study primarily focuses on humans and domestic animals. Understanding the role of wildlife and birds can inform ecological studies and highlight their potential as reservoirs for zoonotic diseases.
24) Egypt:
Egypt is referenced in relation to studies assessing Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence among blood donors, showcasing regional epidemiological insights. These studies contribute to understanding Toxoplasmosis' spread and inform comparative analyses across different populations.
25) India:
India, mentioned alongside studies on Toxoplasma gondii in blood donors, contributes to the overall understanding of the parasite's global distribution. Regional studies help uncover prevalence rates and risk factors applicable to various geographic and cultural contexts.
26) Camel:
Camels are among the animals harboring Toxoplasma gondii, relevant to zoonotic transmission. Understanding camel husbandry and infection rates can aid in identifying transmission risks within communities that interact closely with wildlife or livestock.
27) Cina:
China is noted for studies exploring Toxoplasma gondii prevalence among blood donors. Such studies highlight the global efforts to understand the disease's distribution and patterns, assisting in generating policies for screening and prevention effectively.
28) Hand:
Hand hygiene is a fundamental practice in preventing the transmission of zoonotic infections, including Toxoplasmosis. The study emphasizes the importance of education on handwashing after contact with potentially contaminated surfaces or handling foods linked to infection.
29) Drug:
Drugs may refer to treatments for Toxoplasmosis or medications affecting immune responses. The study underscores the need for awareness of the disease's implications for immunocompromised patients, necessitating research into effective therapies for managing Toxoplasma infections.
30) Aca:
Acha is cited as a reference in the context of Toxoplasma gondii distribution studies. His work contributes to understanding infection patterns and informs epidemiological studies, aiding further inquiries into disease surveillance and public health interventions.
31) Viru:
Viru might reference viral interactions with Toxoplasma gondii or the immune response to parasitic infections. Recognizing viral co-infections is crucial for patients with compromised immunity, guiding healthcare practices to manage multiple infectious threats.
32) Soil:
Soil can be a reservoir for Toxoplasma gondii oocysts, influencing transmission dynamics through the food chain and environmental exposure. The study emphasizes the role of soil in environmental transmission, underscoring the need for sanitation and protective measures.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: �Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in blood donors in Khartoum, Sudan.�. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Blood transfusion, Health education, Cultural difference, Cross-sectional study, Risk factor, Immunocompromised patient, Seroprevalence, Elisa test, Serological test, Healthy blood donors, Past infection.