Rituals and Myths: Identity in Chinese Triads by Barend J. ter Haar
Journal name: Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions
Original article title: HAAR (Barend J. ter), Ritual & Mythology of the Chinese Triads. Creating an Identity
The journal “Archives of Social Sciences of Religions� publishes advanced research on religion in French, English, and Spanish. It studies the sociology of religions and religious traditions or theologies. It is supported by the INSHS-CNRS (“Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales�)
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Subtitle: Leyde (Pays-Bas), Brill, 1998, xiv + 517 p. (bibliogr., liste des caract. chinois, tableaux, index) (coll. « Sinica Leidensia », XLIII)
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Françoise Aubin
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Full text available for: HAAR (Barend J. ter), Ritual & Mythology of the Chinese Triads. Creating an Identity
Year: 2001 | Doi: 10.4000/assr.20763
Copyright (license): © Archives de sciences sociales des religions
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Barend J. ter Haar's work, "Ritual & Mythology of the Chinese Triads: Creating an Identity," published by Brill in 1998, presents a comprehensive examination of the significance and evolution of the Chinese Triads within a religious and cultural framework. Departing from traditional historical analyses, ter Haar delves into the internal texts and rituals of these organizations, challenging preconceived notions that have persisted about secret societies in China. He offers a fresh perspective that situates these groups within the broader landscape of Chinese religious practices, providing valuable insights into their identity formation and the role they play in Chinese society.
The Dual Nature of Triad Traditions
A key concept in ter Haar's analysis is the bifurcation of Triad traditions into two distinct components: the creation myth and the initiation ritual. The former is grounded in a demonological-messianic narrative that has roots in Chinese oral traditions, while the latter is characterized by a complex initiation process that serves to transform an individual's identity. This ritual involves various stages, including symbolic representation of territory and sacred obligations reinforced through a pact by blood. Instead of portraying the Triads as merely secretive societies, ter Haar illustrates how these organizations cultivate a sense of community and belonging among members from diverse backgrounds, unified under shared myths and rituals.
Conclusion
In conclusion, ter Haar's "Ritual & Mythology of the Chinese Triads" is a significant contribution to the understanding of these enigmatic groups, illuminating their cultural and religious dimensions. Though the book has been praised for its insightful and comprehensive approach, critiques have been raised regarding its high cost and some printing errors. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for scholars interested in the intersection of religion, identity, and politics within Chinese society, revealing the intricate ways in which the Triads have constructed their identities and engaged with historical narratives.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of Barend J. ter Haar's book?
Barend J. ter Haar's book explores the ritual and mythology of the Chinese Triads, examining their cultural and religious significance rather than approaching the subject solely from a historical perspective.
How does ter Haar challenge existing views on Chinese secret societies?
Ter Haar critiques traditional beliefs about 'secret societies,' particularly the Triads, by presenting extensive bibliographical research that reshapes preconceived notions held in both the West and China.
What themes are explored regarding Triad identity and rituals?
The book discusses the Triad's identity rooted in political goals, particularly the restoration of the Ming dynasty, and details the intricate initiation rituals that establish community among diverse members.
Glossary definitions and references:
Theological and religious glossary list for “Rituals and Myths: Identity in Chinese Triads by Barend J. ter Haar�. The list explains important keywords that occur in this and other scholarly articles. It is also linked to the glossary for understanding that concept in the context of History, Religion, Philosophy, Theology, Sociology etc.
1) Identity:
The concept of 'identity' is central to understanding the organization of the Triads in China. The Triads established a unique identity through shared rituals, beliefs, and political motivations aimed at creating a sense of belonging among their diverse members.
2) Heaven:
In the context of the Triads, 'Heaven' refers to the spiritual dimension integral to their beliefs. The recognition of their connection to Heaven played a significant role in the legitimacy of their actions and their political aspirations.
3) Secret (Secrecy, Secretly):
The term 'secret' is often associated with the clandestine nature of the Triads. However, the idea of a 'secret society' is somewhat misleading, as B.J. ter Haar reveals the complexities of their public and private dimensions within Chinese culture.
4) Mythology:
The 'mythology' of the Triads encompasses the oral traditions and legendary narratives that shaped their religious beliefs and identity. This mythology includes demonological and messianic themes that unify their community.
5) Religion:
The impact of 'religion' on the Triads is profound, intertwining with cultural practices and political motivations. The organization fully integrates itself into the religious landscape of Southern China, influencing perceptions and behaviors.
6) China:
Within the broader framework of 'China', the Triads represent a unique cultural and socio-political phenomenon. They have a significant historical presence, particularly in Southern China and the diaspora across Southeast Asia.
7) Family:
For members of the Triads, the term 'family' transcends biological relations, serving as a central theme in initiation rituals. Through these rituals, members create familial bonds that symbolize unity and shared purpose.
8) Earth:
The concept of 'Earth' is linked to the physical and spiritual realms represented in the Triads' rituals. It reflects the connection between the members' identity and their terrestrial existence and aspirations.
9) Heaven and earth:
The phrase 'Heaven and earth' encapsulates the Triads' ideological framework, emphasizing the harmony between spiritual aspirations and earthly social dynamics. This duality is crucial in their initiation rites and organizational beliefs.
10) Initiation:
The process of 'initiation' in the Triads involves complex rituals designed to transform the initiate from their past life into a new identity. This process is steeped in symbolism, emphasizing rebirth and communal belonging.
11) Creation:
'Creation' in the context of the Triads refers to the formation of their identity and ritual practices. It encompasses the narratives and rituals that forge a collective identity distinct from mainstream society.
12) Blood:
'Blood' signifies the powerful ties that bind Triad members through their initiation rituals. The blood pact made during initiation symbolizes loyalty and commitment, reinforcing their connection to each other and their beliefs.
13) Past life:
The notion of 'past life' is critical during the initiation process, where the initiate is symbolically detached from their past to be reborn into the new family of the Triads, thereby creating a fresh identity.
14) Recognition:
'Recognition' among Triad members is rooted in shared beliefs and political aspirations. The acknowledgment of their collective identity serves to solidify bonds and affirm their mission within the organization.
15) Repression:
'Repression' highlights the historical context in which the Triads emerged. Following governmental crackdowns, their practices and beliefs evolved as they sought to survive and maintain their sense of community.
16) Testimony:
'Testimony' in the context of research on the Triads draws from a variety of sources, revealing insights about their rituals and beliefs, particularly concerning their claim to legitimacy rooted in spiritual and mythological grounds.
17) Sentiment:
'Sentiment' refers to the feelings of loyalty and purpose among Triad members. These emotional connections facilitate a strong sense of belonging, reinforcing their cultural identity and political aims.
18) Politics:
'Politics' plays a crucial role in the identity of the Triads, as their actions and beliefs are often tied to broader political movements. Their motto to restore the Ming Dynasty reflects their ideological commitments.
19) Confusion (Confused):
'Confused' aptly describes the traditional views surrounding the Triads, which B.J. ter Haar aims to clarify by exposing the complexities of their identity and practices rather than accepting simplified notions of secret societies.
20) Treasure:
'Treasure' symbolizes the concept of the Mandate of Heaven that Triad members seek to reclaim. This quest for legitimacy and power is tied to the historical and ideological context of their existence.
21) Ultimate:
'Ultimate' reflects the final outcome of the rituals and community practices of the Triads, which aims to forge a cohesive identity among members and establish a strong bond of loyalty and purpose.
22) Incense:
'Incense' is a significant element in the rituals of the Triads, marking the establishment of community and serving as a symbolic act of devotion and connection to their spiritual beliefs.
23) Dynasty:
'Dynasty' relates to the political aspirations of the Triads, particularly their desire to restore the Ming Dynasty. This aim shapes their identity and communal motivations throughout history.
24) Delight (Delighting, Delighted):
Readers may feel 'delight' in uncovering the extensive research and findings presented by B.J. ter Haar regarding the Triads, challenging traditional perceptions and revealing a nuanced understanding of their identity.
25) Police:
'Police' serve as a historical backdrop to the activities of the Triads, affecting their organization and prompting the creation of their rituals and identity in response to external pressures.
26) Cement:
'Cement' is metaphoric for how the Triads bind their identity together. Through shared rituals, beliefs, and practices, they create a strong foundation for their community identity.
27) Deity (Deities):
'Deity' plays a pivotal role in the Triads' belief system. The witness of deities during initiation and rituals is essential for legitimizing the oaths taken by members and reinforcing their spiritual commitments.
28) Sword:
'Sword' symbolizes the power and authority perceived within the Triads, reflecting their historical context and the implications of warfare in the pursuit of their goals and beliefs.
29) Birth:
'Birth' signifies a transformative experience during the initiation rites, marking the transition of individuals into new identities and communities within the Triads.
30) Power:
'Power' is central to the identity and aspirations of the Triads, as they seek to reclaim agency within their socio-political landscape, driven by a belief in their mandated legitimacy.
31) Drink:
'Drink' refers to the ceremonial act of consuming a mixture of blood and alcohol during initiation, symbolizing unity and the strengthening of oaths among Triad members.
32) White:
[see source text or glossary: White]
33) River:
[see source text or glossary: River]
34) Lotus:
[see source text or glossary: Lotus]
35) Anti (Amti):
'Anti' characterizes the sentiments of those involved in the Triads against various oppressors, including the Manchu regime and colonial authorities, demonstrating their political motivations.
36) Rice (Rce):
'Rice' is a key symbol within the rituals of the Triads, serving as an offering during ceremonies, representing nourishment, community, and the territory of their organization.
37) Cult:
'Cult' can describe the communal practices and beliefs held by the Triads. Their systems of belief and rituals create a structured society reminiscent of cult dynamics.
38) City:
'City' signifies the urban environments where the Triads operated and grew. They adapted their practices in response to the societal and political landscapes of the cities they infiltrated.
39) Lead:
[see source text or glossary: Lead]
40) Mind:
'Mind' reflects the cognitive complexities encountered in B.J. ter Haar's work, inviting readers to engage with the nuanced interpretations of the Triads� identity and history.