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The complex temple building also contains several subservient parts such as the Prakara (court), Balanaka or Gopuram (entrance gate), Pratoli, Kirtitorana (Tower of victory) Dipastambha, Devakulikas etc. The practice of enclosing temple within a rectangular court-yard prevailed. In contrast to the guarded secularisation of the inner portion, the outer part of the temple area is formed of a concentric series of open court-yards called Prakaras, enclosed within high walls, but open to the sky as they are too large to be roofed; these Prakaras provide ample space for buildings connected with the more secular aspect of the ceremonial. Within this court-yard there grew up pillared aisles. The entire composition within the courtyard was enclosed by high boundary wall, which was entered by Gopurams or gateways. Within the space thus enclosed various structures

The Component Parts of the Full-Fledged Temple 47 were erected chiefly pillared halls or subsidiary shrines and also certain buildings of semi-religious character such as granaries, and store rooms etc.24 " The Gopuram is a structure in connection with the entrance to the court-yard of the temple. In place of what should have been the main gateway a large subsidiary chapel has been introduced, complete with cella, vestibule and stairway approch, the actual doorways into the court-yard being relegated to openings on the either side. 25 The gopuram as this type of temple portal is called, derived its name in the first instance from the Cow-gate" of the vedic village, afterwards becoming the citygate, and subsequently the monumental entrance as to the temple.26 A typical example of a gopuram depicts a building oblong in plan rising up into a tapering tower often over forty-five meters in height, and entered by a rectangular doorway in the centre of its long side. 27 In Northern Indian temple style, the structure, instead of Gopuram, is known as Balanaka, Kirtitorana with exquisite carving and delicay is known all over the western India especially in Gujarat and Rajsthana. The Kirtitorana is a form of Torana, usually an accompaniment to the temple design, standing as its outer entrance, but there were some for the ceremonial- of swinging the god ( hindola ). All the parts forming Kirtitorana are devised on the same principles as those employed in the temple design, with the spreading base, figured shaft, bracket capitals, and tabernacled superstructure being of much the same order, but, if anything, even more ornate.28 24. IABH. p. pp. 114-115 25. IABH. p. p. 100 26. IABH. p. p. 106 27. IABH. p. p. 106. 28. ABH. p. 149.

48 The Structural Temples of Gujarat In South India the Gopuram attained the height of a sky-scraper and was embellished with groups of plastic imaginary when it reached its maturity during the Madura period. It became pre-eminant even in relation to the Prasada inside. Dipastambha (Lamp-pillar), especially popular in South India, is an architectural device which illumines the temple court during night time through the light of numerous lamps around the pillar. The whole structure from bottom to top is systematically arranged in mouldings corresponding to vertical member of the mandovara. In the Pancayatana or five shrined temple, the central temple is surrounded by four entirely separate and smaller shrines, all systematically grouped so as to form the whole into one unified but somewhat complex composition. They are located, at the four corners of the platform of the central temple and constructed on the same architectural design and plan that of the central one. At times more supplementary shines (Devakulikas) are also added, surrounding the central temple. Many Jain temples contain a range of exterior cells (Devakulikas) grouped in pillared varandah surrounding the inner court on all sides. The cells contain images of Tirthankars their number ranging from 24 to 72.29 The principal shrine in such temple complex is situated in the middle of the inner court. 29. i. e. 24 present, 24, past and 24 future Tirthankars.