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The river Vip膩峁� and 艢utudri in the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻:

There are so many important subject-matters which are placed in the whole range of the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻. There are about twenty such dialogue hymns out of which a few are very famous for their popularities. The dialogue of 痴颈艣惫腻尘颈迟谤补 and the rivers (峁欢惫别诲补 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, 3.33) are famous for their theme. In it, 痴颈艣惫腻尘颈迟谤补, the poet, implores the rivers Vip膩峁� and 艢耻迟耻诲谤墨, which are in cluster, to be shallowed and thus facilitated him and his personnel to cross the rivers.

The rivers initially argued that they were flowing along the path inducted by the Lords.Ultimately, however, the rivers surrenderd to 痴颈艣惫腻尘颈迟谤补 and favoured him with a fordable passage.

In the first mantra of this hymn, it is found that 痴颈辫补峁� and 艢耻迟耻诲谤墨 rivers flow rapidly (united) with waters to the ocean as two mares with loosened reins contending with each other in speed.^[1]

S膩ya峁嚹乧膩rya, in his commentary, explains the term Vip膩峁� and 艢耻迟耻诲谤墨 thus respectively.^[2] 鈥�

kulavip膩tan膩t vip膩艣an膩dv膩 vimocan膩dv膩 vip膩峁�/
艣uk峁�ipra峁� tu 迟耻苍苍腻 tunneva dravati gaccat墨ti 艣utudr墨

Besides this, the water of these two rivers flows rapidly like two fair mother cows hastening to caress their calves.^[3]

The Vip膩峁� and 艢耻迟耻诲谤墨 rivers impelled by Indra flow together to the ocean like charioteers to their goal.^[4] Again, river 艢atudr墨 is addressed as the most maternal river by the poet 痴颈艣惫腻尘颈迟谤补. The poet 痴颈艣惫腻尘颈迟谤补 went to the river Vip膩峁� which flows towards the ocean like parent cows hastening to caress the calf.^[5]

Again, the poet 痴颈艣惫腻尘颈迟谤补 invokes the rivers (Vip膩峁� and 艢耻迟耻诲谤墨) to take rest for a moment who are going together to the soma (plant). 痴颈艣惫腻尘颈迟谤补, the son of 碍补耻艣颈办补, earnestly addresses the river 艢耻迟耻诲谤墨 to help him who is very near to him.^[6] 痴颈艣惫腻尘颈迟谤补 speaks that since rivers have permitted him to cross so he is very grateful to them (Vip膩峁� and 艢耻迟耻诲谤墨) who are actually worthy of adoration.^[7]

The river 骋补峁単腻:

It is, however, a noteworthy fact that the name of the Ganges is not to be found in any of the other Vedas except the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻.

In one mantra^[8] of the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, there is a mention of seven major rivers like 骋补峁単腻, 驰补尘耻苍腻, 艢耻迟耻诲谤墨, Puru峁ａ箛墨, 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨, 础蝉颈办苍墨, and 痴颈迟补蝉迟腻.

The 骋补峁単腻 was the bordering river of the 厂补辫迟补蝉颈苍诲丑补惫补岣� 笔谤补诲别艣补. The river 骋补峁単腻 is also known as 闯腻丑苍补产颈.^[9] Though, 骋补峁単腻 is considered a helping river of the Sindhu river, this river has not been given so importance like the other seven rivers of the 厂补辫迟补蝉颈苍诲丑补惫补岣� 笔谤补诲别艣补. Thus, it is proved that the 峁歡vedic 骋补峁単腻 was a minor river. The present 骋补峁単腻 is not different to that of the 峁歡vedic times but its size have been changed and enlarged.

The river Chen膩b or 础蝉颈办苍墨:

础蝉颈办苍墨 means black. This name is mentioned in some mantras of the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻.^[10] According to Y膩sk膩c膩rya, this river is named as 础蝉颈办苍墨 or black because the water of this river is black.^[11]

The river Puru峁ａ箛墨 or Ravi:

This river is mentioned in the 狈补诲墨蝉迟耻迟颈 蝉奴办迟补 of the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻.^[12]

Again, in another mantra of the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻,^[13] it is called as a 鈥榞reat stream鈥� (尘补丑腻苍补诲墨), the name is certainly that of the river later called Ravi (滨谤腻惫补迟墨), as recognized by Y膩sk膩c膩rya^[14] 补蝉鈥�

ir膩vat墨峁� puru峁ａ箙墨ty膩hu岣�/parvavat墨 kutilag膩min墨 ||

The river 骋辞尘补迟墨:

In some mantra of the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, there is a mention of the river 骋辞尘补迟墨.^[15] Besides these, in the 狈补诲墨蝉迟耻迟颈 of the tenth 尘补峁囜笉补濒补 of the 峁欢惫别诲补峁僪it膩, 骋辞尘补迟墨, 鈥榩ossessing cows鈥�, is mentioned as a river.^[16] Again, in another mantra of the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, the accentuation of 骋辞尘补迟墨 shows that a river meant.^[17]

In the other 厂补峁僪颈迟腻s, there is no mention of 骋辞尘补迟墨 as a river.

The river D峁涐梗advat墨:

The name of this river is mentioned in the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 along with the 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 and the 膧paya.^[18]

The river Kubha:

This river is mentioned twice in the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻. According to R.T.H. Griffith, this river is indentical with the modern Kabul river.^[19]

The river Sarayu:

In one mantra of the tenth 尘补峁囜笉补濒补 of the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, there is a mention of the three rivers, i.e. Sindhu, 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 and Sarayu together as goddess of flood and the mother.^[20]

In some other mantras of the 峁欢惫别诲补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻, there is also a mention of the river Sarayu.^[21]

Thus, it is found that in the 厂补峁僪颈迟腻 literature, different rivers serve the different activities. Some of them perform the important role and some other act as subordinate river.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

pra parvat膩n膩mu艣at墨 upasth膩da艣vaeiba vi峁�ite h膩sam膩ne | g膩veva 艣ubhre m膩tar膩 rih膩峁噀 vip膩峁璫cutudr墨 payas膩 jabete || 峁欢惫别诲补 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, 3.33.1

[2]:

S膩ya峁嚹乧膩rya鈥檚 com. on 峁欢惫别诲补 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, Ibid.

[3]:

补肠肠肠腻 蝉颈苍诲丑耻峁� m膩t峁泃am膩may膩sa峁� vip膩艣amuv墨峁� subhag膩maganma | vatsamiva m膩tar膩 sa峁價ih膩峁噀 蝉补尘腻苍补峁� yonimanu sa峁僣arant墨 || Ibid., 3.33.3

[4]:

颈苍诲谤别峁�i迟别 辫谤补蝉补惫补峁� bhik峁�am膩峁噀 accca 蝉补尘耻诲谤补峁� rathyeva yath膩岣� | samar膩峁噀 奴rmibhi岣� pinvam膩ne 补苍测腻 v膩m补苍测腻mapyeti 艣ubhre | Ibid., 3.33.2

[5]:

at膩ri峁�urbharat膩 gavyava岣� samabhakta 惫颈辫谤补岣� 蝉耻尘补迟颈峁� nad墨n膩m | pra pinvadhvami峁�ayant墨岣� sur膩dh膩 a 惫补办峁�a峁嚹佱弗 辫峁涐箛补诲丑惫补峁� 测腻迟补 艣墨bham || Ibid., 3.33.12

[6]:

yada峁単a tv膩 产丑补谤补迟腻岣� 蝉补峁僼补谤别测耻谤驳补惫测补苍驳谤腻尘补 颈峁�i迟补 indraj奴ta岣� | ar峁Ｄ乨aha 辫谤补蝉补惫补岣� sargatakta 膩 vo v峁沶e 蝉耻尘补迟颈峁� yaj帽墨y膩n膩m || Ibid., 3.33.11

[7]:

ramadha峁� me vacase somy膩ya 峁泃膩var墨r奴pa muh奴rtamevai岣� | pra sindhum补肠肠肠腻 产峁沨补迟墨 man墨峁Ｄ乿asyurahve ku艣ikasya 蝉奴苍耻岣� || Ibid., 3.33.5

[8]:

Ibid., 10.75.5

[9]:

Ibid., 3.59.6

[10]:

Ibid., 6.20.25; 10.75.5

[11]:

Nirukta, 6.26

[12]:

ima峁� me ga峁単e yamune 蝉补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 艣耻迟耻诲谤颈 蝉迟辞尘补峁� sacat膩 puru峁ａ箛y膩 | asikny膩 marudv峁沝he vitastay膩rj墨k墨ye 艣峁沶uhy膩 su峁�omay膩 || 峁欢惫别诲补 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, 10.75.5

[13]:

辫补谤补蝉测腻 adhi 蝉补峁僾补迟辞鈥�惫补谤腻 补产丑测腻 tara | yatr膩hamasmi t膩 eva || Ibid., 8.75.15

[14]:

Nirukta, 9.26

[15]:

yattv膩 p峁沜cc膩d墨j膩na岣� kuhay膩 kuhay膩k峁泃e | e峁�o apa艣rito valo gomat墨mava ti峁ａ弓hati || 峁欢惫别诲补 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, 8.24.30;5.62.19; 8.25.30

[16]:

迟峁涐梗峁�膩m补测腻 辫谤补迟丑补尘补峁� 测腻迟补ve saj奴岣� susartv膩 rasay膩 艣vety膩 ty膩 | tva峁� sindho kubhay膩 驳辞尘补迟颈峁� krumu峁� mehatnv膩 saratha峁� y膩bhir墨yase || Ibid., 10.75.6

[17]:

yattv膩 p峁沜cc膩d墨j膩na岣� kuhay膩 kuhay膩k峁泃e | e峁�o apasrito valo gomat墨mava ti峁ａ弓hat墨 || Ibid., 8.24.30

[18]:

nitv膩 dadhe vara 膩 p峁泃hivy膩 i岣嵞亂aspade sudinatve ahn膩m | d峁涐梗advaty膩 尘腻苍耻峁�a 膩pay膩y膩峁� sarasvatya峁� re vadagne did墨hi || Ibid., 3.23.4

[19]:

谤补蝉腻苍颈迟补产丑腻 办耻产丑腻 krumumiba岣� sindhuni | susartv膩 rasay膩 ty膩tva峁� sindho kubhay膩 || Ibid., 5.53.9; 10.75.6

[20]:

Ibid., 10.64.9

[21]:

蝉补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 蝉补谤补测奴岣� sindururmibi岣� | Ibid., 5.53.9; 4.3.19