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PREFACE It has become very difficult to make more minute generalization about different dimensions of Indian civilization. Scholars are quite aware of the limitation of their specific studies. Among the other limitations are the kinds of emphasis placed on the approaches to the study of history of Tamralipta as a microcosm of Indian civilization. All these studies are marked by considerable diversity and the research has been very scanty. Considering the limitations of the study, it seems relevant to explore the regional sterotypes in the context of ancient Indian civilization. The present research work isddevoted to the study of history, culture and antiquities of Tamralipta (modern Tamluk, a Subdivisional town in the district of Midnapur) a place of ancient glory of India. The study adopts a comprehensive approach to emphasize the different features and discuss the characteristics common on the basis of all available data both literary and archaeological. This may bridge the credibility gap between ancient and modern of historical research. The present study could not have become successful without the untiring encouragement and co-operation of several of my well wishers. Words cannot adequately express my gratitude to my teacher Dr. P.K. Maity, Reader in History, Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya, Tamluk, Midnapur, who has been the guiding spirit behind this study for his timely advice, excellent scholarly guidance 1

vi patience and encouragement right from initial stages of this study to its completion. I am also indebted to my University teacher Prof.(Dr.) Kalyan K. Ganguli, Ex-Bageswari Professor of Indian Art, Dept. of Ancient Indian History and culture, University of Calcutta and to P.K. Mandal, Hony. Curator, Tamralipta Museum & Research Centre,. Tamluk for their guidance and valuable suggestions. It is with reverence and veneration that I express my heartfelt gratitude to Late H.B. Sarkar, (Principal, Kharagpur College), Dr. K.P. Malakar (District Inspector of Schools (S.E.), Midnapur) Late Sankar Sengupta (Editor, Folklore, Calcutta) Late Rajat Basu (Principal, Vidyasagar Teachers' Training College, Midnapur), Tarasankar Bhattacharya (Journalist), Biswanath Samanta (State Archaeological Dept., Calcutta), Late Prof. P.C. Dasgupta (Director, State Archaeological Dept., Calcutta), Smt. Minati DY. Banerjee (Asiatic Society, Calcutta), H.M. Roy (Bangabasi Morning College, Calcutta), Dr. Atul Chandra Bhowmik (Dept. of Museology, University of Calcutta) for their kind co-operation at various ways. I would like to express my feelings of gratitude to Prof. A. Palai, Dr. L. Raja (Gandhi Museum, Madurai (T.N.), M.M. Rao (SIRD, Hyderabad), Prof. B. Rajaram Nellithaya (Karnataka), Prof. B.K. Medhi (Guwahati University), Prof. Shyamlal (Jaipur University), P.V. Pathank (Silvasa, DE N. Haveli), G.C. Deb, D.C. Das, W.B.C.S. (Midnapur), K. Mukherjee and Shyamapada Bera (Narayangarh High School) for their help and prolific suggestions.

vii My grateful thanks are due to Mr. Amit Kiran Deb,I.A.S. (Ex-District Magistrate and Collector, Midnapur) and Mr. N. Hazra, W.B.C.S. (Ex District Relief Officer, Midnapur) for their abiding interest and co-operation. I am indebted to my parents Sri Sadananda Bhaumik and Late Gouribala Bhowmik and my mother-in-law Smt. Bidyutprava Giri and my Gurupatni Smt. Usha Maiti M.A., B.Ed. for their unfailing encouragement and interest in all my academic pursuits, including the present research work. I am very much thankful to my colleagues Mr. Sisir Kr. Roy, Mr. Ratinath Paul and Mr. Mihir K. Jana. Above all, I am also very thankful to prof. (Dr.) P.K. Bhowmik (I.I.T., Kharagpur) and Mr. N. Payra (Dept. of Physics, University of Calcutta) for their constant inspiration. My special thanks are due to the authorities of Vidisha, Midnapur especially to Prof. (Dr.) P.K. Bhowmik M.Sc., D.Phil, D. Sc (Calcutta University) for their help. For illustrations I am greatly indebted to the authorities of the Archaeological Survey of India, Eastern Circle, Asutosh Museum of Indian Art, University of Calcutta and Tamralipta Museum and Research Centre, Tamluk, Midnapur. I am also thankful to my wife Anukana Bhowmik B.A., B.Ed., daughter Kum. Moumita Bhowmik and brothers, Pravat K. Bhowmik, Chittaranjan Bhowmik & Suranjan Bhowmik who extended their spontaneous co-operation in family life during my research work. Vidisha, Midnapur, West Bengal. Ranoramaumiks Domohovij Monoranjan Bhowmik.