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Short poems including anthologies, maxims and proverbs (gnomic and didactive pcetry) describe "wise and noble, striking and criginal thoughts, appearing in a highly finished and poetical garb". They are spread over the Sanskrit literature. These are plentiful in law books; in the epic and the drama they are frequenly on the lips of herces, sages, and gods; and in fables (like Panchatantra and Hitopadesa) are constantly uttered by tigers, jackals, cats, and other animals. They are "more abundant in Sanskrit than the literature of any other nation can boast of." The most famous collection is variously called the Chanakyaniti, Chanakya-rajaniti, Vriddha-Chanakhya, or Rajanitisamuchchaya. There are more than seventeen recensions of this work. This may be be another Chanakya, and not probably the same as Kautilya, the minister of Chandragupta Maurya of the fourth century (B. C.) One recension has 340 stanzas in seventeen chapters, another by Bhojaraja in a manuscript in Sarada character of Kashmir has 576 verses in eight chapters. "Its contents deal with general rules for the conduct of life, for intercourse among men, general reflections on richness and poverty, on fate and human effort, on a variety of ethical, and religious topics." Bhartihari's Vairagya-sataka in a hundred verses deals with renunciation and Nitisataka in a hundred verses with ethical maxims. The Santisataka of Silhana (who may be same as Bithana) of twelfth century, on tranquility, borrows matter from Bhartrihari and deals with asceticism common in Hinduism, Buddhism, and 45

Jainism; "his matter is more interesting than his manner (form)". The Nitiratna, Nitisara, and Nitipradipa of Vararuchi, of uncertain date, contain some excellent verses on ethical matters. The Nitimanjari of Dya-Dvivedi (1494) of two hundred verses on moral maxims, collected mostly from the Brihad devata and Sayana's commentary on Rigveda. The Bhallata-sataka of Bhallata under Sankaravarman (883-902) of Kashmir who carefully elaborated in varied metres a hundred verses not wholly original. The Anyokti-muktalata-sataka of Sambhu under king Harsha of Kashmir (1089-1101) collected from others (anyokti) 108 verses instead of a hundred (sataka) and elaborated them with no special merit. The Drishtanta-sataka of Kusumadeva of some later date illustrates (drishtanta) each of the hundred maxims by an example; it is simple and unpretentious. Of still later dates are the Bhava-sataka of Nagaraja on ethical reflections, and the Upadesaka-sataka of Gumani on moral maxims as well as many other works. The Bhaminivilasa of Jagannitha of seventeenth century is "admirable in many respects both as an erotic poem, an elegy, and store of gnomic sayings. There are a number of brief poems of which the most famous is the Chatakashitaka of uncertain date contains lyric stanzas rich in gnomic matter and of great beauty. Jain Dhanapala wrote (972) his Rishava-panchasika in fifty Prakrit verses. To Sankarachaya are ascribed the Mohamudgara featuring also as the Dvadasa-panjarika, with relinquishment of wordly desires, and Sata loki in 101 verses setting out "with some wealth of imagery the principles of the Vedanta philosopy. The Bodhicharyavatara of Santideva is distinguished effort known to us to adapt the elegances of Sanskrit poetry to the exposition of a complex philosophical and moral theme. " the most The Sringara-jnana-nirnaya of unknown author and date gives a contrast between the claims of love and of knowledge in thirty-two stanzas. The Kuttanimata of Damodara Gupta, minister of Jayapada of Kashmir (779-813) on pornography, shows how a young girl can win gold for herself by flattery and feigned love. The Samaya-matrika of Kshemendra deals with the same

subject and describes how a regular go-between should instruct a public girl in her exacting profession His Kamavilasa in ten sections describes the various occupations and follies of mankind. His Darpadalana in seven sections shows the folly of pride on noble birth, wealth, knowledge, beauty, courage, generosity, and asceticism. His Sevya-sevakopadesa in sixty-one stanzas deals with the advice regarding servants and their masters; Chaturvarga-sangraha describes the four ends of life, morality, practical life, love and release; and Charu charya-sataka in a hundred verses lays down the rules of good behaviour. Kshemendra's influence is evident in the Mugdhopadesa of Jalhana in sixty-six stanzas which warn against the wiles of hetairai (prostitute). The Subhashita-ratna-saudoha (written in 994) of Amitagati, in thirty-two chapters, describes various aspects of Jain ethics assailing Brahmanical gods, women and hetairai. His Dharma-pariksha (written in 1014) deals with the same subject. The Yoga astra of the Jain monk Hemachandra (twelfth century) in simple verses with no poetical merit describes Jain philosophy in the first four chapters and the various duties and ascetic practices of Jainism in last eight chapters. The Sringara-vairagya-tarangini of Somaprabha (1276) in forty-six verses denounces the love of women. The Kavindra-vachana-samuchchaya edited by F. W. Thomas from a Nepalese manuscript of the twelfth century is a compilation of 525 verses by many poets. (earlier than 1000 A.D.), dealing with a "wide variety of subjects, love and other passions, the conduct of life, practical wisdom, and moral and political maxims. The Saduktikarpamrita (1205), otherwise called Sukti-karnamrita of Sridharadasa under king Lakshmanasena of Bengal is a compilation from 446 Bengali poets including Gangadhara and others (1050-115). The Subhsshitamuktavali of Jalhana under Krishna (1247), in two recensions, describing such subjects as riches, generosity, fate, sorrow, love, royal service, etc. The Sarangadharapaddhati (written in 1363) of Sarangadhara is a famous compilation, arranged in 163 sections, containing 4689 verses including some by the author himself but of no distinction. The Subhashitavali of Vallabhadeva (perhaps in the fifteenth century) in 101 sections "gives

stanzas of over 350 poets. The Subhashitavali of Srivara (fifteenth contury cites from more than 38 poets. There are many other anthologies in manuscripts.