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Amaravati Art in the Context of Andhra Archaeology

by Sreyashi Ray chowdhuri | 2018 | 90,477 words

This page relates ‘Animal figures� of the study on Amaravati Art in the Context of Andhra Archaeology, including museum exhibitions of the major archeological antiquities. These pages show how the Buddhist establishment of Amaravati (Andhra Pradesh) survived from 4th century BCE to 14th century CE. It includes references and translations of episodes of Buddha’s life drawn from the Avadanas and Jatakas which are illustrated in Amaravati art.

Go directly to: Footnotes.

In case of depiction of animal figures there is a connection between 屹ī art and centres of early narrative art. In 屹ī the animals are sculpted in both true and mythical form. The mythical animals are called �峾ṛg.�[1].

Among the mythical type, the lion with wings are found both in 屹ī (Pl 36a) and Sāñchī reliefs (Pl 36b). But the animal at Sāñchī is represented with a slight difference in the shape of its rump[2]. Horned lion is found in both 屹ī and Sāñchī. However, horned lion at Sāñchī is a ferocious creature whereas the horned lion at 屹ī is a meek animal[3]. The elephantine monster with the foreparts of an elephant and the tail of a fish and elephant with wings is depicted in the 屹ī art. The Ѳٲ mentions them as Gajavaktrajhashas and 屹ᾱ. Dr. A.K Coomaraswamy calls the mythical elephant as 󲹲[4]. The early figures at Bodhgayā also depict such elephantine monsters which Grunwedel calls sea-elephant[5]. In case of mythical and real elephants in the 屹ī art sometimes lotus rhizome with flowers, buds and leaves comes out of the jaws of the elephant. Similar depiction is seen on a coping from Bhārhut[6].

The makara type, that is, the combination of crocodile and fish is visible in several art centres. Parallels of early depiction of makara in the 屹ī art are found at Bhārhut, Bodhgayā and Sāñchī. ۲ṣ� Sudarsanā from Bhārhut preserved in the Indian Museum stands on makara 󲹲Բ. (Pl 36c) Mithuna couples from Nāgārjunākoṇḍa stands on double makara. (Pl 36d) However, in comparison to the docile makara in Bhārhut, 屹ī makara (Pl 37a) display energy and vigour of the monster. Moreover makara in 屹ī art attained a greater importance than makara representations at Bhārhut and Sāñchī. This can be suggested by the fact that often in the 屹ī reliefs the focus of the composition was on powerful makara figure whereas the makaras in Bhārhut and Sāñchī was subserviant to other figural forms. The depiction of mermen, that is, half man and half fish is found both in 屹ī and Bodhgayā reliefs as a decorative pattern. Bodhgayā specimens also illustrate half man and half horse which is absent in 屹ī[7]. However, mythical horse composed of wings is visible in the Jāggayyapeṭa specimen. It may be recalled that Jāggayyapeṭa demonstrated features of early 屹ī idiom and hence belonged to the 屹ī repertoire. Such depiction of mythical horse is also seen at Bhārhut. Deer with wings is visible both in the art of 屹ī (Pl 37b) and Sāñchī.(Pl 37c)

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Sivaramamurti C, Op.cit, p 92.

[2]:

Ibid, p 92.

[3]:

Ibid, p 93.

[4]:

Coomaraswamy Ananda.K, 1993, ۲ṣa, Essays in the water Cosmology, New Delhi, p 50.

[5]:

Grünwedel Albert, 1901, Buddhist Art in India, London, p 57.

[6]:

Coomaraswamy Ananda.K, 1993, Op.cit, New Delhi, pl 34A, pl 34c.

[7]:

Sivaramamurti C, Op.cit, p 95.

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